Task 9 - Substance use disorders

Question 1

Stages of Alcohol Withdrawal

Answer 1

• Stage 1: Initial Symptoms (6-12 Hours after Last Drink): Tremulousness, weakness, profuse perspiration, anxiety, headache, nausea, and abdominal cramps
• Stage 2: Seizures (12-48 Hours after Last Drink): Convulsive seizures
• Stage 3: Delirium Tremens (DTs) (48-72 Hours after Last Drink): Hallucinations, disorientation, fever; fatal in about 10% of cases

Question 2

Animal Conditioned Place Preference (CPP)

Childs et al.

Answer 2

A method where animals learn to prefer a specific environment linked with a drug’s effects or a rewarding stimulus, indicating an association between the drug and that environment. It helps researchers study how environmental cues influence drug-seeking behavior in animals.

Question 3

Childs et al.: Place conditioning

Answer 3

• Participants randomly assigned to paired (ALC in one room, NoALC in the other) or unpaired groups (ALC and NoALC in both rooms)
• Subjective responses to alcohol predicted preference for the alcohol-paired room, resembling animal interoceptive drug effects.

Question 4

Dual-process model of alcohol addiction

Lannoy et al.

Answer 4

Decision-making involves two systems—reflective (cognitive evaluation, controlled responses) and affective-automatic (emotional evaluation, automatic responses), associated with distinct brain networks

Question 5

Substance intoxication

Definition

Answer 5

A set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system

Question 6

Substance withdrawal

Definition

Answer 6

A set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use

Question 7

Substance abuse

Definition

Answer 7

Diagnosed when recurrent substance use led to significant harmful consequences in work, school, legal issues, or social life within a 12-month period

Question 8

Substance dependence

Definition

Answer 8

Akin to drug addiction, involves tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive substance use despite adverse consequences.

Question 9

Genetic factors of substance abuse

Answer 9

• Significant genetic influence on susceptibility to substance use disorders (around 50%)
• Genes controlling dopamine (DRD2 and SLC6A3) and GABA systems influence dopamine processing and substance reinforcement

Question 10

Stages of Addiction

Brain Disease Model of Addiction

Answer 10

1. Binge and intoxication
2. Withdrawal and negative affect
3. Preoccupation and anticipation

Question 11

Social Learning Theories of substance abuse

Concept

Answer 11

Children learn substance use behaviors from parents and important figures in their culture.

Question 12

Covert Sensitization Therapy

Definition

Answer 12

Uses mental imagery to link alcohol thoughts with severe negative outcomes, reducing alcohol use.

Question 13

Contingency Management Programs

Answer 13

Offer incentives (e.g., employment, housing) for maintaining sobriety, enhancing treatment success across various substance dependencies

Question 14

Abstinence violation effect

Definition

Answer 14

Refers to the feelings of guilt, conflict, and self-blame that arise when someone with a history of abstinence in a behavior, like substance use, experiences a lapse or violation, potentially leading to a greater likelihood of further relapse