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Perception > Task 7: Auditory system > Flashcards

Task 7: Auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

Sound stimulus (physical)

A

movements of vibrations of object cause pressure changes in air, water or any other elastic medium that surrounds objects

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2
Q

Sound perception

A

experience when we hear

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3
Q

Sound wave

A

pattern of alternating high pressure (condensation) and low-pressure (refraction) regions in the air

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4
Q

A sine wave’s or a pure tone’s vibration can be described by its

A

frequency and amplitude

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5
Q

Frequency

A
  • number of cycles per second that pressure changes repeat
  • associated to pitch (higher frequency = higher pitch)
  • Hz
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6
Q

Amplitude

A
  • difference in pressure between high and low-peak of sound wave
  • associated with the quality of sound = loudness
  • dB
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7
Q

Complex tones

A

sounds produced by instruments or people speaking that have a more complex sine wave’s pattern

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8
Q

A complex tone is made up of

A

a number oh harmonics and fundamental frequencies added together = Fourier analysis

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9
Q

Fundamental

A

first harmonic

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10
Q

Fundamental frequency

A
  • lowest frequency component

- repetition rate

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11
Q

Perceptual aspects of sound

A
  • threshold
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • timbre
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12
Q

High threshold

A

large sound pressure changed required

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13
Q

Low threshold

A

little sound pressure change required

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14
Q

Loudness

A
  • intensity of a sound

- depends on amplitude and frequency

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15
Q

Audibility curve

A

threshold of hearing

- we cannot perceive sounds lower the audibility curve

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16
Q

Threshold for feeling

A
  • upper curve

- sound that are higher than the upper curve provoke pain

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17
Q

Equal loudness curve

A

same perception of loudness at different frequencies

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18
Q

Pitch

A
  • linked to fundamental frequency

- high or low label

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19
Q

Tone height

A

perceptual experience of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in tone’s fundamental frequency

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20
Q

Notes with the same tone have

A

the same tone chroma

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21
Q

Effect of missing fundamental

A

pitch remains the same even if fundamental or other harmonics are removed, therefore pitch depends on the repetition rate and not on the fundamental frequency

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22
Q

Timbre

A

tones that have the same loudness, pitch and duration but still sound different

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23
Q

Steady-state harmonic structure states that

A
  • same fundamental => same pitch

- different amount of harmonics => different timbre

24
Q

Structure of the ear

A
  • outer year
  • middle year
  • inner year
25
Q

Outer ear

A
  • pinae = determine location of sounds
  • auditory canal = protects middle year, enhances the intensities of some sounds by resonance and reinforces sound frequency
  • tympanic membrane = set sound waves into vibrations
26
Q

Middle ear

A
  • fluid medium => transmission of sound vibration from air to middle ear is difficult, therefore
    1 - ossicle increase pressure
    2- ossicle is hinged to create lever action
27
Q

Ossicles

A

responsible for amplification of sound (maleus, incus and stapes)

28
Q

Inner ear

A

vibration of oval window => vibration of fluid inside the cochlea

29
Q

Cochlea

A
  • main structure of inner ear
  • contains Organ of Corti
  • scala vestibuli =upper half of cochlea
  • scala tympani = lower half of cochlea
  • cochlear partition separated the s. vestibuli and s. tympani
30
Q

Apex of the Cochlea is

A

the basilar membrane => movement of basilar membrane exerts force on cilia agains tectorial membrane

31
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • sits on the basilar membrane

- contains hair cells and cilia

32
Q

Hair cells are the

A

receptors for hearing

33
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Area that arches over the hair cells

34
Q

Cilia

A

top of hair cells

35
Q

Hair cells

A

Vibration from the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane bends the:

  • inner hair calls
  • outer hair cells => tallest row of cilia on outer hair cells
36
Q

Vibrations of liquids inside cochlea re translated into waves in the

A

basilar membrane => up and down motion of the basilar membrane

37
Q

Up and down motion of the basilar membrane results in

A
  1. Organ of Corgi - up and down vibration

2. Tectorial membrane - back and forth vibration

38
Q

Transduction

A

movement of hair cells => transmitter release => action potential

39
Q

Back and forth bending of the cilia triggers

A

sequence of chemical reactions

  • movement to right => tip links stretch = increase in pressure => release of neurotransmitters
  • movement to the left => tip link slacken => firing stoped
40
Q

Tonotopy in Cochlea

A
  • hair cells are activated at different frequencies and places along cochlea
  • higher frequency = base of cochlea
  • lower frequency = apex
41
Q

Characteristic frequency

A

frequency to which a particularly auditory nerve fibre is most sensitive

42
Q

Auditory masking

A
  • perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound
  • effect of masking is stronger from low to high
43
Q

Temporal code

A

a frequency is code by the timing of neural firing

44
Q

Coding of frequency

A
  • by place (tonotopy at the level of neurons)

- by time (level of auditory nerves) => phase locking

45
Q

Phase locking or volley principle

A

each neuron fires at a distinct point an not on every point => provide temporal code

46
Q

Each neuron gives an optimal response to

A

a preffered stimulus and a less strong response to stimuli that deviate from the preferred one

47
Q

Primary central auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nucleus -> Superior olivary nucleus (converge inout from both ears) -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> primary auditory cortex

48
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • responsible for processing acoustic information

- consists of A1, belt and parabelt area (complex sounds)

49
Q

Hearing loss

A

elevation of sound thresholds

50
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

Conductive
Sensorineural
Hidden

51
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A
  • impairment to amplify sound

- lost ability of middle-ear bones to convey vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

52
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • damage in cochlea and hair cell (prebyscusis)

- hearing loss at high frequencies

53
Q

Hidden hearing loss

A

harder to hear sounds when there is background noise

54
Q

Treating hearing loss

A
  • Cochlear implant

- Auditory brainstem implant

55
Q

Cochlear implant

A
  • stimulates the auditory nerve

- amplifies sound

56
Q

Auditory brainstem implant

A
  • micro electrode that stimulates brainstem

- no auditory nerve lesions

57
Q

Doubling sound pressure leads to

A

doubled perceived loudness

Perception (9 decks)

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