Task 6 - Three dimensions Flashcards
What is the difference between monocular and binocular vision?
Monocular vision uses one eye, while binocular vision uses both eyes.
What is binocular summation?
It is the combination of signals from both eyes, improving performance on tasks compared to using one eye alone.
What are oculomotor depth cues?
Depth cues based on sensing the position of the eyes and the tension in the eye muscles.
What are the two oculomotor cues for depth perception?
Convergence (inward movement of the eyes for near objects) and accommodation (lens shape change for focus).
What is a monocular depth cue?
A depth cue that is available even when viewing with only one eye.
Name three pictorial depth cues.
Occlusion (one object blocks another), relative height (higher objects in field of view appear farther), linear perspective (parallel lines converge in distance).
What is motion parallax?
A motion-produced depth cue where closer objects move faster than distant ones as we move.
What is binocular disparity?
The slight difference in the two retinal images due to the eyes being in different positions.
What is the horopter?
An imaginary surface in space where objects fall on corresponding retinal points in both eyes.
What is the difference between crossed and uncrossed disparity?
Crossed disparity occurs when an object is in front of the horopter; uncrossed disparity occurs when it is behind.
What is stereopsis?
Depth perception resulting from binocular disparity.
What is the Müller-Lyer illusion?
An illusion where two equal-length lines appear different due to arrow-like ends.
What is size constancy?
The perception of an object’s size as relatively constant, even when its distance changes.
How does the Ponzo illusion work?
It uses converging lines (like railroad tracks) to make objects appear different in size, even if they are the same.
What is atmospheric (aerial) perspective?
Distant objects appear hazier and slightly blue due to atmospheric scattering of light.
What is texture gradient?
A depth cue where objects that are evenly spaced appear more densely packed as they get farther away
How do shadows help in depth perception?
Shadows indicate object location and enhance the perception of three-dimensionality.
What are deletion and accretion?
Depth cues where objects become covered (deletion) or uncovered (accretion) as an observer moves.
What is the correspondence problem in stereopsis?
The challenge the brain faces in matching images from each eye to perceive depth.
What is the uniqueness constraint in binocular vision?
The idea that each object should only be matched once in the retinal images of both eyes.
What is the continuity constraint in depth perception?
The assumption that depth changes smoothly across most of an image, except at object edges.
Which part of the brain processes depth perception?
The visual cortex (V1, V2, V4) and higher cortical areas like the IT cortex.
What happens to depth perception in cats raised with alternating vision?
They develop fewer binocular neurons and struggle with depth perception.
How does the moon illusion work?
The moon appears larger on the horizon because of apparent distance theory (it seems farther away) and angular size contrast theory (it looks smaller in the vast sky).
