Task 6: Imagery, treatment and PTSD Flashcards
There are 8 main criteria for PTSD. The last 3 are:
- The symptoms last at least one month.
- Symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
- The symptoms are not due to the effects of substance or a medical condition.
Name the 5 other criteria for PTSD.
- The person must have experienced or witnessed at least one event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual voilance, or must have learned that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member/friend, or has experienced repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event.
- Persistence of one (or more) intrusion symptoms associated with the traumatic event, beginning after the trauma occured (Distressing memories, dreams, dissociative reactions, intens or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize a traumatic event.
- Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event.
- Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event.
- Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event.
What is the difference in criteria for Acute stress disorder and PTSD?
- For ASD individuals needed to endorse dissociative symptoms to meet criteria.
- PTSD needs a certain amount of symptoms within every criteria, ASD needs 9 in total with either criteria.
- ASD can only be diagnosed in 1 month of a trauma, and PTSD cannot be diagnosed until 1 month has lapsed since the trauma.
Which one is true?
A. The stressors of Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder and PTSD need to be traumatic.
B. The symptoms of adjustment disorder cannot persist less than 6 months.
C. MDD and PTSD share several symptoms: Insomnia, hypersomnia, feelings of guilt and suicidal thoughts.
D. The dissociative amnesia are for dissociative disorders and PTSD both, trauma related.
E. Bipolar disorder and PTSD both experience sleep disturbances.
Only E. is true.
A. False, the stressor of adjustment disorder doesn’t need to be traumatic.
B. False, Symptoms of adjustment disorder cannot persist MORE than 6 months.
C. False, Only MDD can have hypersomnia and suïcidal thoughts
D. Dissociative amnesia doesn’t have to be trauma related with dissociative disorder.
What is not true?
A. Interpersonal traumas are more likely to lead to PTSD than more impersonal traumas.
B. Exaples of proximal factors are pretraumatic factors.
C. Proximal factors have more weight in determing whether a person develops PTSD or not.
D. Examples of peritraumatic factors are perceived life threat and emotional responses during the trama.
B. is not true.
Distal factors are pretraumatic factors
Proximal are peritraumatic factors and posttraumatic factors.
True or false?
Men are exposed to more traumatic events during their lifetime than woman, but woman are twice as likely as men to meet criteria for PTSD.
True
Which therapeutic technique targets aversive traumatic memories and has shown effectiveness in reducing symptoms across various disorders?
A) Prolonged exposure therapy (PE)
B) Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
D) Cognitive restructuring therapy (CRT)
Correct answer: C) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
What is the relationship between PTSD and the HPA-axis?
a) People with PTSD may have an overactive HPA-axis, resulting in abnormal cortisol levels in response to stress. This hyperactivity can contribute to the heightened stress response seen in PTSD.
b) PTSD can disrupt the normal functioning of the HPA-axis, leading to altered cortisol responses. This dysregulation can manifest as either excessive or insufficient cortisol release during times of stress.
c) The HPA-axis, which regulates the body’s stress response, is affected in individuals with PTSD. This can cause abnormal cortisol secretion, with some experiencing heightened cortisol levels while others may exhibit blunted cortisol responses.
d) PTSD is associated with an imbalanced HPA-axis, leading to irregular cortisol release. This imbalance can result in either an exaggerated or blunted cortisol response to stress, contributing to the symptoms of PTSD.
A.
Which of the following phenomena is associated with the maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Interpersonal difficulties
B) Encapsulated beliefs
C) Hypervigilance
D) Sleep disturbances
B
Is there a significant correlation between the geographically distance and the 9/11 event?
A. It’s only traumatic if you experienced it from nearby
B. It’s only traumatic if you experienced it from further away
C. It can be traumatic for both people closeby and further away
C.
PTSD had the highest rate of comorbid disorders (90%). Give a possible explanation why this could be.
- Pre-existing disorders may increase risk for PTSD.
- The comorbid disorders develop as a result of attempts to cope with PTSD. (FE. Self-medicate with drugs and alcohol may lead to substance use disorder).
Explain the emotional processing theory according to Foa and Kozak (1986) in your own words.
First a fear structure must be activated, which include interrelated representations of feared stimuli, responses, and the meanings associated with them. For modification the feared and incorrect information must be available and incorporated. Emotional processing occurs when accurate information is incorporated into the fear structure. (This can happen with the right therapy).
Explain how EMDR works with the Working Memory Theory.
Recalling an emotional memory and making eye movements both require working memory capacity, so moving your eyes from side tot side while recalling a memory leaves less capacity for the memory. As consequence, the memory should become less vivid and less emotional.
The recall of the memorie in combination with the eye movements, will lead to imagination deflation. And this should also be evident when the memory is recalled after the dual-task (focussing on the trauma + on the external stimulus at the same time) session. Eyemovements tax Working Memory and, for this reason, the memory is reconsolidated less vividly
What is the difference between Imaginal exposure (IE) and imagery rescripting (IR)?
In imaginal exposure, patients are asked to recall the details of the traumatic event while focusing their attention on any occurring sensory feelings, thoughts, and emotions. Exposure to such memories results in reduction of fear and avoidance.
Imagery rescripting (IR) is changing the traumatic imagery to correct the situation in fantasy, and to produce a more favorable outcome, imagining having control over the situation and being able to act according to one’s needs, to express one’s feelings and action tendencies.
