Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychopathology > Task 6 - Depression & Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Task 6 - Depression & Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Major Depression DSM criteria

A

A. 5 or more of symptoms every day for at least 2 weeks at least one either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
B. symptoms do not meet criteria for mixed episode
C. symptoms cause clinically significant distress/impairment (social, occupational or other areas)
D. not due to substance of mediction
E. Symptoms not better accounted for by bereavement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of Depression

A
  • depressed mood out of proportion to any cuase
  • Anhedonia
  • changes in appetite, sleep, and activity levels either way
  • psychomotor retardation/agitation
  • thoughts of worthlessness, guilt, hopelessness, suicide,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychomotor retardation

A

slowed down behavior

-walk, gesture, and talk more slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychomotor agitation

A

feel physically agitated

-> e.g. cant sit still

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Comborbidities of depression

A

over 70% diagnosed also have another psychological disorder at some time
-> substance abuse, eating disorders, anxiety disorders most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dysthemic disorder

A

persistent depressive disorder

  • less severe than major depression but more chronic
  • must experience depressed mood + 2 symptoms for at least 2 years
  • never be without symptoms for longer than 2 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chronic depressive disorder

A

-dystemic disorder and/or major depressive episodes lasting longer than 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Double depression

A

When episodes of major depression are experienced alongside dystemic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subtypes of Major Depression

A
  • melancholic features
  • psychotic features
  • catatonic features
  • atypical features
  • postpartum onset
  • with seasonal pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A
  • depression with seasonal pattern
  • history of 2 years of experiencing + recovering from major depressive episodes
  • become depressed when daylight hours short and recover when long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prevalence of Unipolar depressive disorders

A
  • 16% lifetime prevalence in US
  • international: 3-16%
  • 18-29 y.o. most likely
  • lowest in people over 60, then rise again above 85
  • high risk for relapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biological Theories of Depression

A
  • Genetics
  • Neurotransmitter theories
  • Brain abnormalities
  • Neuroendocrine factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Genetic Factors of Depression

A
  • first-degree relatives of people with depression 2-3x more likely to also get it
  • depression earlier in life has stronger genetic base
  • multiple genetic abnormalities might contribute: e.g. serotonin transporter gene
  • 30-40% heritability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neurotransmitter Theories

A
  • Monoamines most often implicated (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
  • associated with limbic system: regulation of sleep, appetite, emotional responses
  • > processes affecting neurotransmitters might be impaired
  • > release process might be impaired:(e.g. serotonin transporter gene)
  • receptors may be less sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brain Abnormalities in Depression

A

Structures:

  • prefrontal cortex
  • anterior cingulate
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prefrontal cortex abnormality in depression

A
  • reduced metabolic activity and reduction of gray matter

- > esp. left side: motivation and goal-orientation impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anterior cingulate abnormality in depression

A
  • different levels of activity

- > problems in attention, planning of appropriate responses, coping and anhedonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hippocampus abnormality in depression

A
  • smaller volume and lower metabolic activity
  • > contains many cortisol receptors: constantly elevated levels might lead to killing or inhibition of development of neurons in hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amygdala abnormality in depression

A
  • enlarged & increased activity

- > might bias towards aversive or emotionally arousing information and lead to rumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neuroendocrine Theories of depression

A

Implies impairment in hormonal functioning: specifically in Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
-depression: hyperactive HPA axis (overreaction in response to mild stressors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

A
  • involved in fight-or-flight response
  • hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH) onto receptors on anterior pituitary which releases ACTH to adrenal gland
  • adrenal gland releases cortisol (+feedback loop of cortisol to ACTH and CRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Behavioral Theories of Depression

A

Focus on role of uncontrollable stressors in reducing depression

  • > depression as arising due to stressful negative events in life
  • > e.g. reduction in positive reinforcers
  • learned helplnessness theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Learned Helplessness theory

A
  • uncontrollable negative events as reason for depression
  • leading to belief of being helpless in those events
  • > low motivation, passivity, indecisiveness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cognitive Theories of Depression

A
  • Negative cognitive triad
  • reformulated learned helplessness theory
  • ruminative response style theory
  • overgeneral memory
25
Q

Negative cognitive triad

A
  • depressed peope: have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future
  • make thinking errors: ignore good events, exaggerate negative events
  • > causes and perpetuates depression
26
Q

Reformulated learned helplessness theory

A
  • cognitive factors might influence whether someone becomes helpless and depressed after negative event
  • > causal attribution differences: people who explain negative events by internal, stable and global causes tend to blame themselves
  • > long-term helplessness deficits + loss of self-esteem
27
Q

Ruminative response style theory

A

Focus on process of thinking, rather than content

  • > engage in rumination about depression
  • bias towards negative thinking in basic attention & memory processes
28
Q

Overgeneral Memory

A

Tendency of depressed people to store and recall memories in general fashion to cope tih past
-> less emotionally charged and painful

29
Q

Interpersonal Theories of Depression

A
  • interpersonal difficulties and losses as causing depression
  • rejection sensitivity
  • excessive reassurance seeking
30
Q

Sociocultural Theories of Depression

A

Suggest differences in social conditions of demographic group leading to differences in depression vulnerability

  • Cohort effects (changes in social values -> higher rate)
  • gender differences (women diagnosed more often)
  • Ethnicity/Race differences (hispanics in US higher rate)
  • Cross-cultural differences (major depression prevalence lower in less industrialized countries)
31
Q

Psychodynamic Theories of Depression

A

Propose depression developing as reaction to loss of loved ones
-> esp. in oral stage: dependence on parents

32
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Alternation between periods of mania and periods of depression
-Bipolar I and Bipolar II differ in presence of major depressive disorder & episodes meeting full criteria for mania & hypomanic episodes

33
Q

Bipolar I criteria

A
  • major depressive episodes can occur but are not necessary for diagnosis
  • episodes meeting full criteria for mania are required
  • hypomanic episodes can occur between episodes of severe mania or depression but not necessary
34
Q

Bipolar II criteria

A
  • Major depressive episodes necessary
  • full manic episodes cannot be present
  • hypomanic episodes are necessary for diagnosis
35
Q

Mania Symptoms

A
  • unrealistically positive ad grandiose self-esteem
  • racing thoughts and impulses
  • grandiose thoughts can be delusional (also with grandiose hallucinations)
  • rapid and forceful speech: stream of fantastic thoughts
  • easily agitated and irritable
  • impulsive
36
Q

DSM criteria manic episode

A

A. distinct period of abnormal, elevated mood lasting at least 1 week
B. 3 or more of the common symptoms
C. symptoms don’t meet criteria for mixed episode
D. mood disturbance sufficiently severe to cause functioning impairment
E. symptoms not due to substance or medical condition

37
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Less severe but more chronic form of bipolar disorder

-> alternating episodes over at least 2 years

38
Q

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

A

4 or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year

39
Q

Prevalence & course of BPD

A
  • less common than unipolar depression
  • 1-2% lifetime prevalence
  • no gender differences
  • chronic problems in job and relationships
40
Q

Genetic Factors in BPD

A

-strong link to genetic factors: first-degree relatives of affected 5-10x more likely to also have it (identical twins 45-70x more likely)

41
Q

Brain abnormalities in BPD

A

Amygdala (emotions)
Prefrontal cortex (cogn. control of emotion, planning, judgment)
-Striatum: processing of reward
-Striatum-amygdala circuit
-abnormalities in white matter: disorganized emotions and extreme behavior

42
Q

Neurotransmitter factors in BPD

A
  • monoamine neurotransmitters implicated
  • > dysregulation of dopamine system:
  • > excessive during manic phase
  • > lack of reward seeking during depressive phase
43
Q

Biological treatments for Mood Disorders

A
  • drug treatments
  • electroconvulsive therapy
  • Brain stimulation
  • light therapy
44
Q

Drug treatments for depression

A

SSRIs
SNRIs
Bupropion (norephinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor)
-tricyclic antidepressants (heavy side effects)
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors (heavy side effects)

45
Q

Drug Treatments for Mania

A

Mood stabilizers:

  • Lithium (increases serotonin, decreases norepinephrine
  • Anticonvulsant & Atypical Antipsychotic Medications (
46
Q

Efficacy of Antidepressant drugs

A

Reduce depression in 50-60% of people who take them

  • work better for severe and chronic depression than mild-to-moderate
  • choice of drugs depends on ability to tolerate side effects
  • discontinuation in first 6-9 months doubles risk of relapse
47
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Series of treatments in which brain seizure is induced by passing electrical current through brain

  • > decrease in metabolic activity in frontal cortex and anterior cingulate
  • > high relapse right
48
Q

New methods of brain stimulation

A

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Deep brain stimulation
-> have antidepressant effects

49
Q

Psychological Treatments for Mood disorder

A 
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy
Family-Focused Therapy (FFT
50
Q

Behavior Therapy

A
  • focus on increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences in life by helping to change interaction patterns with environment and people
  • first phase: functional analysis of connections between circumstances and symptoms
  • 2nd phase: helping to change aspects of environment contributing to depression
51
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Goals:

  1. change negative hopeless patterns of thinking
  2. help solve concrete life problems and develop skills to be more effective in “world”
    - 6-12 weeks
52
Q

CBT Steps

A
  1. help discover negative automatic thoughts and understand link between them and depression
  2. help challenge negative thoughts
  3. help clients recognize deeper, basic beliefs or assumptions they might hold that are facilitating depression
53
Q

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A
  • four types of problems focused on as sources of depression:
    1. grief, loss
    2. interpersonal role disputes
    3. role transitions
    4. interpersonal skills deficits
54
Q

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm therapy

A

Enhancement of IPT for bipolar disorder

  • combination of therapy techniques with behavioral techniques to help patients maintain:
  • regular eating routines
  • sleeping
  • activity
  • stability in relationships
  • > fewer relapses in combination with medication
55
Q

Family-Focused Therapy

A

Focus on reducing interpersonal stress in people with bipolar disorder in family context

  • > patients and families educated about disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving
  • > lower relapse rates
56
Q

Comparison of Treatments

A

Depression:
-Behavioral
-CBT
-Interpersonal
-Drug treatment
-> about equally effective
-> combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy more effective than alone
-> relapse rate high in depression: maintenance (drug) therapy suggested
Bipolar Disorder: combination of drug treatment with psychological therapies leads to people maintaining medication

57
Q

Cognitive Biases and Deficits in depression

A
  • difficulty disengaging from negative stimuli
  • negative interpretation bias
  • enhanced recall of negative events
  • inhibitory impairments in processing of emotional material (removal of irrelevant negative material from WM)
  • > biases in attention, interpretation, memory
58
Q

Lifestyle Factors Associated with Major Depression

A

Diet: mediterrenean diet, moderate alcohol intake, low consumption of meat/meat products or whole-fat dairy products protective against depression
Sleep: worse sleep, worse depressive symptoms
Exercise: exercise generally positive effect on functioning

59
Q

Poor lifestyle

A

poor diet, sleep and physical activity:

  • neuroprogression
  • immunoinflammation
  • neurotransmitter imbalances
  • oxidative & nitrosative stress
  • HPA imbalances
  • Mitochondrial disturbances
  • > facilitate depression

Psychopathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions