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Personality and Individual Differences > Task 6 > Flashcards

Task 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Are spouses similar in personality?

A

o Researcher compare scores of traits between the spouse

o Tend to be very slightly similar

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2
Q

Marital satisfaction (others)

A

Higher emotional stability, higher agreeableness and higher conscientiousness of the spouse are associated with marital satisfaction

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3
Q

Marital satisfaction (self)

A

people who reported higher marital satisfaction tended to be higher in Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion
 People with these traits are more likely to be happy in their marriage

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4
Q

similarity/dissimilarity (marital satisfaction)

A

: marital satisfaction is nearly unrelated to differences/similarities within a spouse

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5
Q

Influence of attachment style on personality

A

 Anxious attachment negatively correlated with emotional stability & conscientiousness
 Avoidant attachment weakly correlated to big 5

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6
Q

parenting style

A

 High in openness & extraversion = more nurturing, less restrictive parenting style

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7
Q

Are friends similar in personality

A

o For most aspects of personality, friends are neither similar nor different
o There is similarity between friends in Honesty-Humility and Openness to experience (about .25)
 These traits are also perceived to be more similar when you compare the other report for a friend else and an self-report for yourself (around .40)
 So the tend to perceive more similarity than actually exist
 Values: Might be caused by the fact that we tend to choose our friends based on same values (perceived similarity is higher than actual)

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8
Q

Popularity of children

A

 Popular children: tended to be low in aggression and high in sociability
 Rejected children: high in aggression low in sociability
 Neglected children: score low in both categories
 Controversial children: score high in aggression and sociability
 Aggression is linked to being disliked and sociability with being liked (not sure if likability is cause or effect for these characteristics)

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9
Q

Likability of college students

A

 Extraversion was associated with being liked (.40 among men and women)
 Only for men emotional and physical attractiveness are similar strong related for likability

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10
Q

Likability of colleges (work)

A

hypothesized, that consciousness might important for likability

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11
Q

Substance use and personality

A

o Substance use disorder: is related to low levels on conscientiousness and ,more weakly, with low levels of emotional stability
o Predictability of Substance misuse by personality: 17 year olds who stayed “clean” had higher levels of conscientiousness and emotional stability compared to those who developed a use disorder until the age of 20
 So personality traits can be predictive for drug misuse and not other way around
o Stopping drug misuse: people who stopped e.g. smoking have levels of conscientiousness somewhere between those who never started and those who still do it

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12
Q

Longevity and personality

A

o Conscientiousness: moderately related to longer lifespan, low level people had a 35% greater chance to die before the age of 70
 Part of it is caused by the lower likelihood of drinking and smoking, the rest is probably caused by better ability to handle life stress, being better prepared and development of better social support networks (in case of high level in conscientiousness)
o Other slightly related traits: cheerfulness and optimism with a negative correlation
 Might be caused by to much optimism about their heath and therefore neglection of any health problems that might arise

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13
Q

Heart disease and type A personality

A

o Type A behaviour pattern: characteristics including competitiveness, impatience, excessive job involvement, hostility and time urgency
 Most people have intermediate levels between type A and B
 Correlates to .20 with increased risk of heart disease
o Related to anger and hostility
 Might be caused by poorer health habits, more stress creation, or most likely stronger physiological reaction to stress (increase in blood pressure, heart rates and levels of stress related hormones)

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14
Q

Predictors for academic performance

A

o Conscientiousness was the strongest and most consistent predictor (only moderately high correlation)
o Elementary school: good performance was associated with Conscientiousness but also with Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience, with correlations in each case around .20. But only in elementary school

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15
Q

The role of self control in criminality

A

o Criminals lack on self-control, so they are less able to inhibit criminal impulses than non-criminals

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16
Q

Psychopathy

A

o Secondary psychopaths: those who lack on self-control
o Primary psychopaths: those wo act more calculating and rational (low in emotionality)
 Committing a crime relies on both secondary and primary psychopaths
o Score low in honesty-humility factor

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17
Q

general life satisfaction correlates

A
  • Genetic influence (heritability around .40)
  • Positive correlations: self esteem (.60) cheerfulness .40, assertiveness and sociability .30
  • Negative correlations: depressiveness -.50, anxiety -.30 as well as anger
  • Big Five: Extraversion and emotional stability are strongly associated with life satisfaction
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18
Q

Development of Honesty-Humility

A

o Decreases during teens and increases after late teens through late middle age
o Corresponds in the opposite direction to criminal behaviour (most prevalent in mid to late teens and then gets better)

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19
Q

Development of Emotionality

A

o Anxiety: tends to decrease substantially after young adulthood
o Sentimentality: tends to increase slightly

20
Q

Development of Extraversion

A

o Social self-esteem and social boldness: tend to increase throughout adulthood
o Sociability: increases through teens and then decreases after the early 20s

21
Q

Development of Agreeableness

A

o Generally small
o Small decrease during 20s and 30s and small increase in the 40s and later
o changes only statistically significant in old age

22
Q

Development of conscientiousness

A

o Increases during the early 20s after that it depends which facet of conscientiousness is considered

23
Q

Development of Openness

A

o Increase during teen years but then it depends on the particular facet again

24
Q

Reasons for the change

A

o Social roles: people are expected to become more responsible as they get older, further more roles such as work, marriage, children people respond to all this by developing a more mature personality
o Biological maturation: genetically based changes in hormones, neurotransmitter and brain structures. Might be caused by natural selection
o Drug abuse
o Genes are more important in later life this leads to change in personality

25
Q

Stability of personality

A

Stability declines only modestly (0.05 over 12 years) over life time
variability is slightly higher in college age

26
Q

Mean level change

A

reflect changes of personality on a general population level

27
Q

Individual differences in change/ rank order inconsistency

A

describe the change based on deviations of the level of individuals compared to the population mean

28
Q

Mean level changes in personality

A

 Most mean level changes occurs between the ages of 20 and 40
 Personality traits continue to change, even in old age
 Humans are open systems: People retain the capacity to change at all ages
 Time has positive effects on personality change
• Longer period of time shows larger mean level changes
 Direction of change is clearly in the positive direction (not really applicable for all personality factors)
• With age people become more confident warm etc. (socially mature)

29
Q

Reasons for change

A

life and work experiences are associated with changes in personality traits
• E.g. people who experience more successful and satisfying careers in young adulthood increase disproportionately on measures of emotional stability and conscientiousness (theft etc. can have opposite effects)

30
Q

effectiveness of therapy on personality

A
  • Emotional stability showed most changes after therapy, followed by extraversion moderate effects for the other Big five factors
  • Patients presenting anxiety disorders changed the most, patients treated for substance use changed the least
  • Most gains were made within the first months of therapy, so personality can change fast
31
Q

State-artifact position

A

all changes seen during therapy can be attributed to the state level variance in personality trait measures
 E.g. depression might only lower emotional stability for a short period
 No change in the trait but in the state

32
Q

Cause-correction hypothesis

A

changes demonstrated in psychological outcomes, such as depression, are the result of changes in the trait component

33
Q

Findings relevant to the state-artifact and cause correction hypothesis

A

o Cause-correction hypothesis: supported by findings because therapy seems to impart changes in personality traits
o State-artifact position: Is not supported because the changes were to long lasting to be defined as a state

34
Q

Influence of jobs on personality

A

 Changes in personality are more consistent in reaction to job entry than to job changes
 High C is universally valued in work life but once one has adapted to the role demands, job changes don’t make that big a difference anymore
 La dolce vita effect – individuals keep a comparatively high level of C during work life but have lower levels before & afterward
 Support for neo-socioanalytic model

35
Q

changes in personality traits caused by social domains

A

 Personality maturation = increases in ES, social dominance (part of X), A, C
 Personality doesn’t mature in reaction to investment in a romantic relationship
 Personality did mature to some extent in reaction to ending a romantic relationship
 Mature traits are more important to find a new partner than when we already have one
 No maturation in reaction to childbirth
 May be due to lack of resources that allow self-regulation or to ambiguous feedback on how to best rear a happy healthy child

36
Q

Neo-socioanalytic model

A

personality changes can occur at any age & individuals change because of investments in social roles
 Have to be aware of the expectations associated with a new social role & that we don’t fulfil them yet
 Have to be able & willing to change personality in an adaptive way

37
Q

Developmental perspective

A

personality changes occur if major life events are accompanied by new developmental tasks

38
Q

Transactional paradigm

A

personality development is likely to occur in the context of normative life transitions that offer clear info about how to adapt (high importance of transparent role demands)

39
Q

Dynamic equilibrium model

A

people differ in their set points (= typical level of each personality trait) and only change temporarily to then return back to their set point

40
Q

Five factor theory

A

traits are only biologically determined (hormones etc.) more stable theory

41
Q

Theory of genotype

A

only genetic effects

42
Q

Paradoxical theory of personality coherence

A

personality is particularly stable in the face of major life events

43
Q

Gene-environment interplay

A

Denotes both correlations as well as interactions between genes and environment.

44
Q

G-E correlation

A

means that individuals with particular genotypes for trait are more likely to experience particular relevant environment (genes choose the environment

45
Q

G-E interaction

A

means that there is difference in effect of given relevant environment on individuals depending on their genotype for trait
is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways

Personality and Individual Differences (9 decks)

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