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Evolution and genetics > Task 5 Done > Flashcards

Task 5 Done Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does dominance herachies develope ?

A
  • limited food and mates to bond

- so you do not want to share your resources

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2
Q

How is the rank determined ?

A
  • Size
  • Strength
  • Age
  • coalitional support within the group
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3
Q

How are rank orders challenged ?

A
  • via fighting
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4
Q

For who is reproductive succes higer ? Lower or higher rank individuals ?

A
  • higher ranked individuals
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5
Q

Why are the rankings or herachies not constantly challenged ?

A
  • Coast over benefit
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6
Q

Who has more stress high or low lvl rankings ?

A
  • If stable (high stress in low ranking)

- if not stable (high stress in high rankings)

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7
Q

Why is pair bonding so social complex ?

A
  1. recognizing that individual
  2. keeping track of where they
  3. knowing what they are doing
  4. coordinating one’s behaviour with theirs
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8
Q

What is social brain hypothesis ?

A
  • maintaining social relationships requires devoted brain mechanisms
  • so brain grow due to socialication
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9
Q

What are other explanations to explain brain growth ?

A
  1. reducing of predators via grouping-> leaded to a slower life history -> slower life favors larger brain
  2. Finding of richer ressources which gave extra energy so brain could devlope more
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10
Q

When did the common ancestor diverged between primates and humans?

A
  • 80 million years ago

- human is a ape

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11
Q

What are some primates abilities ?

A
  • depend on vision
  • forward facing eyes
  • binocular vision
  • color vision
  • relatively large brains
  • primates live usually in trees
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12
Q

Name some facts about the gorilla:

A

Two types:

  1. Gorilla beringei
  2. Gorilla gorilla
    - Herbivores (pflanzenfresser)
    - Live on the ground
    - knuckles
    - Single dominant male multiple females (polygynous)
    - great apes
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13
Q

Name some facts about chimpanzees:

A
  • knuckle walk
  • more on trees (arboreal)
  • (polygamy) mating structure
  • great apes
  • 99% similar to humans
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14
Q

How do we find relatedness out ?

And given an example regarding chimpanzess:

A
  • based on phenotypic similarity
  • Based on molecular genetic data
  • Chimpanzees related to 99% (seperation around 5/7 million years ago
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15
Q

What are hominis ?

A
  • hominis are very related to humans

- early hominis were chimpanzees

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16
Q

Which hominis showed the first charactersitics of bipedal locomotion ?

A
  • Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus
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17
Q

What is so special about the australopithecines ?

A
  • 4 million to 1 million
  • showed first addaptation in feet legs hips and entering lockation of spinal cord and skull
  • body of a human and skull of chimpanzee
  • bipedal locomotion because of savanah (open ground and head
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18
Q

What does homo stand for and when was it born ?

A
  • sames genus
  • 2.5 million years ago
  • Homo habilis homo ergaster homo erectus
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19
Q

What is the homo well known for ?

A
  • brain size (relative to body size)
  • stone tools start to appear
  • full modern bipedalism
  • high mobility
  • depend on meat
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20
Q

Which new form of hominin appear 0,8 million year ago ?

A
  • archaic H. sapiens
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21
Q

What is the archaic H. sapiens well known for ?

A
  • brain really large
  • body is large
  • more complex stone tools
  • one brach is the Neandertha
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22
Q

When did the Neandertha live ?

A
  • 300,000 year ago till 30,000 years ago
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23
Q

What is so special about the homo sapiens ?

A
  • 200,000 years, with the oldest dates in Africa Fossils
  • anatomically modem humans
  • new species which replaced the other livings hominis without inbreeding
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24
Q

Timeline of homo sapiens:

A
  • Middle East by 100,000 years ago
  • Asia and Australasia by 60,000
  • Europe by 30,000 years ago
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25
Q

Name the three evidence that the homo sapiens replaced other species without inbreeding:

A
  • Morphology; All AMH look just like each other
  • Genetics of living humans
  • Neanderthal DNA nothing in common
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26
Q

What was so special about the Pleistocene age ?

A
  • switch from warm to cold pretty fast) + wet climates

- glacial periods+ tropics became relatively arid

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27
Q

What was so special about the holocene age ?

A
  • warm period, starting 10,000 years ago
  • 95% of that period lived still as hunter
  • but Agriculture (landwirtschaft), metalworking, towns, and cities -> now
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28
Q

What are the striking differences between humans and other species ?

A
  1. Bipedalism
  2. meat eating
  3. tool use
  4. brain size
  5. life history
  6. learning
  7. language
29
Q

Why is meat eating so key ?

A
  • Humans are omnivores (allesfresser + animal products)
  • guts reduced because guts and brain need metabolical tissue so brain could increase
  • and guts were not neccesary cuase nutrients are easier to get from meat
30
Q

Why is the tool use so key for humans ?

A
  • variety and complexity is only found human weapons
  • 2.5 million years ago
  • weird that brain size did not increase when weapon came first up
  • depndt on them
31
Q

Why is life history so key for humans ?

A
  • childhood is very long
  • because larger brain but still same birth canal so more childhood (rapid brain growth period)
  • cost of offspring much higer for humans but we have collectivity
32
Q

Why is learning so key ?

A
  • humans learn more then any other species
  • This makes us perfectly adaptable to many environments but can only be achieved via long ife, long youth, collectivity
  • it is innate and it is about the enviormental changes
33
Q

Why is language so key ?

A
  • Unlimited regarding meaning (combination of words)
  • It allows reference to things that are not present
  • mutation to a gene called FOXP2 created lang.
  • gossip
34
Q

What was the genes name which was identified as the gene for brain growth ? And when did it arose ? And who has it ?

A
  • ARHGAP11B
  • 5 million years ago
  • modern humans Neanderthals + mysterious Denisovans
35
Q

What does the ARHGAP11B do ?

A
  • it increased brain size as well there brain started to fold to fit more in the skull
  • Increases neuron in neocortex
36
Q

Why is ARHGAP11B not the key for intellgence ?

A
  • because intellegnece might be cause by a combination of 56 genes
37
Q

What does also lead to a bigger brain accodring to the second supp doc ?

A
  • Diet: Only fruits / leaves (blätter)-> leads to more energy
38
Q

What was dunba and Wrangham perspective of diet and brain size ?

A
  • Diet and SBH are complementary

- diet allowed and did not drive brain size

39
Q

What was DeCasien explanation for bigger brains ?

A
  • Fruit is rare and not easy to find so we need more complex thinking/cognitive challenging which developed our brain compared to leaves
  • ecological hypothesis
40
Q

What is the culture intellegence hypothesis ?

A
  • we have cognitive skills which primates do not have when we are born
  • which gives us the ability to creat praticipate exhange in different cultural groups
  • faster memory, faster learning, faster perceptual processing, etc.
  • physical skills are equal
41
Q

What is the adapted intellgence hypothesis ?

A
  • coggnitive abilities evolve in response to relatively specific environmental challenges
42
Q

What is the General intelligence hypothesis ?

A
  • human are more intellegent then primates with no differences between physical and social cognition -> because of larger brain
43
Q

What were the findings of the The Primate Cognition Test Battery (PCTB) ?

A
  • cognitive skills for social world was diff = advantage for humans
  • cognitive skill for physical world was equal
  • > Conclusion cultural intellegence hypothesis is correct
44
Q

What did richard owen find which Huxley falsify ?

A
  • Hippocampus minor -> a part in the brain which no other species had
45
Q

Do human have the largest realtive brain size ?

A
  • No they do not

- mouse lemur (has the largest)

46
Q

What is the formula for predictable relationship between brain and body size in mammals ?

A
  • C(W)^k
  • W= body weight
  • C= brain weight
  • k= is how the brain scales with increasing body size
47
Q

What were some majore findings regarding relationship between brain and body size ?

A
  • human brains are about three times larger then expected for brain hypothesies
48
Q

What is the encephalisation quotients EQ and what is there formula ?

A
  • departure of brain size

- EQ Formula = Actual brain weight / brain weight predicted from allometric lines

49
Q

What are the energetic demands of the brain ?

A

-2 per cent of body mass but consumes about 20 per cent of all energy (Same as heart)

50
Q

What is the expensive tissue hypothesis ?

A
  • increases in the brain size of hominins must have been balanced by a reduction in the demands of other organs
  • Gut size was the trade off
  • part of ecological theory
51
Q

What was the arboreal theory ?

A
  • moving and feeding on land and in trees required stereoscopic vision and dextrous hands
  • > need more coordination and control = larger brain
52
Q

What did milton Kaplan and Gangestad conclude regarding larger brain ?

A
  • they showed that diet which are more difficult to gain might lead to a more complex society and this leades to a larger brain -> ecological explanations
53
Q

What was wrong about the corelation of brain growth and complexity of tools ?

A
  • General idea: more complex tools would require larger brains
  • 300,000 years ago rapid brain growth but toll development stayed the same
54
Q

What was Holloways idea regarding larger brain growth?

A
  • the advantages to be gained from accurate throwing may have stimulated brain growth
55
Q

Why did the brain grow larger then the minimum size required to stay alive ? (old answer)

A
  1. Life history traits
  2. metabolic rates
  3. longer development, 4. ecological ->
    larger brain = larger home ranges (remembering location/ mapping)
56
Q

Why did the brain grow larger then the minimum size required to stay alive ? (new answer)

A

Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis-> laiter SBH-> its about qualitve complex socialisation ! -> such as pairbonding

57
Q

On a Microneurobiology perspective what is imporant for brain growth ?

A
  1. oxytocin/ vasopressin
  2. mirror neurons
  3. GLUD2+(ASPM) +HAR 1 (cortical exapnsion)+ SRGAP (learning) + Foxp 2 speech production
  4. microcephalin
58
Q

What is Allometry ?

A
  • study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology & finally behaviour
59
Q

What is homology / homologous evolution ?

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

60
Q

What is Convergent evolution ?

A
  • convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments.
61
Q

What are some features of old world monkeys ?

A
  • live in africa asia
  • larger (140 species)
  • brain bigger
  • smaller tail
62
Q

What are some features of new world monkeys ?

A
  • Asia/america
  • smaller animals
  • more times in tree
  • smaller brain
  • longer flexibel tail
  • 120 species
63
Q

What is the different between SBH and the cultural intelligence hypothesis ?

A
  • the Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis is an extencion to the SBH
  • The SBH does not explain the social domain it just assumes it is that way
64
Q

What are the social and physical domains in the experiment regarding cultural intellegence hypothesis !

A
  • social domain: Social learning, communiction, Theory of mind
  • physical domain : space, quantities and causality
65
Q

What is the difference between the Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis and the SBH ?

A
  • Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis is basically the founder it was just connected to manipulation and also to herachy
66
Q

How does the SBH work out for non primates and primates ? ?

A
  • Long term bonding for non primates

- For primates it is about quantative !!!!

67
Q

What is the major different according to human and other brains regarding neurons ?

A
  • 98% in cerebellum but we have

- we have 16 billion neurons in the neo cortex

68
Q

What is the connection between humans and the ecological hypothesis regarding brain growth ?

A
  • human collected food which was more difficult to gain so they needed more complexity -> larger brain
  • Tech Revo 1: tools 2.Fire 3. Agriculture

Evolution and genetics (5 decks)

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