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Evolution and genetics > Task 1 Done > Flashcards

Task 1 Done Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What contains the DNA ?

A
  • The nucleus
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2
Q

What two types of cell do we have ?

A
  • Semmantic

- germ cell

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3
Q

What is so special about semantic cells ?

A
  • contain full copy of genome (DNA)

- create more phenotype

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4
Q

What is so special about germ cells ?

A
  • conatin half copy of genome (DNA)

- contain new genotype

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5
Q

What does the DNA exist of ?

A
  • 23 chromosome pairs
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 22 autosomes pair
  • 1 Sex chromosome pair
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6
Q

How many genes do we have and where are the genes located ?

A
  • 20000 genes

- a section of a chromosome

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7
Q

What does a gene consist of ?

A
  • introns (function unknown)

- exons (express proteins)

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8
Q

What is the structure + bases of an exon ?

A
  • A+T
  • C+G
  • > Bases are hold together by hydrogen bond
  • > Backbone exist out of a strong sugar phosphat
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9
Q

What is a codon and how many codons do we have ?

A
  • 64 pairs
  • 3 bases in a row
  • 1 codon = 1 amino acid
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10
Q

How many amino acids do we have ?

A
  • 20 because some codons form the same amino acid
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11
Q

What is the function of amino acids ?

A
  • multiple amino acids form a protein
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12
Q

Name some facts about mitosis:

A
  • Produces identical cells
  • diploid
  • occurs all the time
  • body cells
  • no sex
  • diploid
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13
Q

Name some facts about meiosis:

A
  • Sex needed
  • produces unique cells
  • happen only at a certain time
  • sperm and egg cells
  • haploid outcome
  • only dipolid cells can undergo meiosis
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14
Q

How does mitosis work ?

A
  1. replication of diploid chromosomes (1 chromosome pair)
  2. metaphase -> early stage of split up
  3. anaphase late split up phase
  4. two cells with identical chromosomes
    - > DRAW
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15
Q

How does meiosis work ?

A
  1. replication of 2 chromosome pair
  2. metaphase1 small and small pair up
  3. anaphase 1 exchange one arm
  4. metaphase 2 earlly split up (looks like two)
  5. anaphase 2 late spliz up looks like 4
  6. four diff cell all unique
    - > DRAW
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16
Q

Who discovered DNA ?

A

Franklin, Watson, crick wilikinks

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17
Q

What is the central dogma of DNA ?

A
  1. Replication (nucleus)
  2. Transcription (nucleus)
  3. Splicing (nucleus)
  4. Translation
    (Ribosome)
    -> Creating a protein out of amino acids
    - From genotype to phenotype -> wrong
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18
Q

How does replication work on leading strang ?

A
  • > specific starting sequence of nucleotides
  • Helicase splits DNA
  • Leading strand (5 to 3 prime) polymerath 3 compliments the missing bases
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19
Q

How does Transcription work ?

A
  • inside RNA polymerase
  • DNA into RNA language so T get translated to U
  • Still exist out of exons and introns
  • Template strand used to make copy of non-template strand
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20
Q

How does splicing work ? And what is alternative splicing ?

A
  • Introns are pushed out

- Alternative splicing: when not only introns are pushed out but also some exons to create diff proteins later

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21
Q

How does translation work ?

A
  • mRNA to amino acid
  • 3 bases = 1 codon = 1 amino acid
  • tRNA binds to mrna to create the chain of amino acids
  • important inside ribosome
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22
Q

Why do multiple codons form one amino acid ?

A
  • Protection

- > aslo called redundancy

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23
Q

What is a genotype ?

A
  • determines specific characteristics/phenotype and next generation genotype
  • basically amino acid + proteins
24
Q

What is a phenotype ?

A
  • A specific charactersitic (blond hair/ blue eyse)
25
Q

What is a purines ?

A
  • have 2 organic rings (A & G)
26
Q

What is a Pyrimidines ?

A
  • single ring (C & T)
27
Q

What is a nucleotide ?

A
  • Nucleotide = base + backbone
28
Q

How does replication work on lagging strang ?

A
  • lagging strand (3 to 5 prime)
    1. Primase create primers
    2. polymerath 3 can attach to primers and can start complementing bases from 5 to 3 prime
    3. Polymerath 1 takes out primers and fills gaps
    4. ligase sticks the okasaki fraction
  • > okasaki fraction is from one primer to another primer
29
Q

What is the function of the termination codon ?

A
  • Stop signal for translation
30
Q

Waht is the substitution mutation ?

A

Exchanging one nucleotide pair by another.

- effects only one amino acid

31
Q

What is a transversion ?

A
  • interchange of purine for pyrimidine
  • A -> C/T
  • C -> A/G
  • > chemicall dissimal danger
32
Q

What is a Transition ?

A
  • interchange of two-ring-purines (A -> G)
  • interchange one-ring-pyrimidines (C->T)
  • > chemicall similar so fine
33
Q

What is a silent mutation ?

A
  • codes for same amino acid due to redundancy -> nothing changes
  • Part of substitution
34
Q

What is a Missense mutation ?

A
  • codes for different amino acid
  • may have little but also huge effect
  • Part of substitution
35
Q

What is a Nonsense mutation ?

A
  • codon becomes a stop-codon / termination codon
36
Q

What is a frame shift mutation ?

A
  • Insertion = One base added -> everything shifted to right

- Deletion = One base taking out everything shifts one to the left

37
Q

What is a single gene characteristic ?

A
  • differences in phenotype determined by which allele the individual has at just one genetic locus
38
Q

What is a Polygenic characteristic ?

A
  • differences in phenotype determined by more than one gene
39
Q

Explain the pair bonding in pair voles :

A
  • vasopressin binds to V1a receptor and showes strong activity when bond
  • More recptors when bonded
  • Microsatellite DNA in front of V1 a receptor gene regulates level of expression
40
Q

Why are cells different ?

A
  • All cells contain the same genome/DNA but some cells just express different genes
41
Q

What is epigentics inheritance ?

A
  • inheritance of traits are transmitted by mechanism which are not directly involved in nucleotide sequence rather by enviorment
42
Q

When does Histone Modifications occur ?

A
  • during transcription regulation (gene expressin or repression)
43
Q

What are histones ?

A
  • proteins which the DNA wraps around
44
Q

What is so special regarding the central dogma ?

A
  • Based on enviormental impact we have a change from phenotype to genotype !
45
Q

What is acetylation regarding Histone ?

A
  • loosing -> increase gene expression
  • > replication can start
  • > acetyl group (negative) binds on DNA makes it neutralized which creates loosining
46
Q

What is methylation regarding Histone ?

A
  • decrease in gene expression
  • tightening
  • protein can not reach DNA
  • Methylation (positive)
47
Q

What is phosphorylation regarding Histone ?

A
  • loosing -> increase gene expression
  • > replication can start
  • > phosphat group (negative) binds on DNA makes it neutralized which creates loosining
48
Q

What does recombination mean for mendel ?

A
  • during meiosis paired chromosomes line up next to one another and exchange DNA
  • crossover effect
49
Q

What is the law of assormtment according to mendel ?

A
  • genes/allele end up randomly in diff gametes no matter how they are connected during meitosis
50
Q

What is linkage according to mendel ?

A
  • when two genes lie on the same chromosome

- Closer together = greater linkage (no separate heritage in meiosis)

51
Q

What is the law of segregation according to mendel ?

A
  • when 2 genes reside on different chromosomes they segregate independently - linkage could never occur
52
Q

What does monoamine oxidase a do ? (MAOA)

A
  • enzyme that breaks down serotonin
53
Q

what is the connection between serotonin and antisocial behavior ?

A
  • serotonin is low in antisocial behavior
54
Q

What is the conclusion regarding MAOA and anti social behavior ?

A
  • gene expresiion can impact social/antisocial behavior
55
Q

What is pleiotropy ?

A

One gene influences more phenotypes

Evolution and genetics (5 decks)

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