TASK 5 Flashcards

Humanity

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Dominance hierarchies

A
  • Some individuals are “higher” in rank than others and are constantly able to displace others from a resource
  • dynamic ranking: can be challenged (by fighting) and reversed; higher ranks more stressed
  • stable ranking: lower ranks more stressed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social-brain hypothesis idea

A

= Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis

  • maintaining social relationships requires devoted brain mechanisms –> social species will have larger brains compared to non-social ones
  • bigger brain size must have evolved as a result of bigger group size
  • only focus on social knowledge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cultural intelligence hypothesis

A
  • human’s unique cognitive skills is mainly due to species-specific set of social-cognitive skills for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups
  • humans only differ in cultural intelligence (proven in example with child and chimpanzee)
  • can explain all knowledge (because it is derived from cultural intelligence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

General Intelligence hypotheses

A
  • larger brains enable more efficient use of all cognitive operations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adapted intelligence Hypothesis

A
  • cognitive abilities evolve in response to relatively specific environmental challenges
  • ecological theories and social theories combined
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bottleneck effect

A
  • Sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities
  • African bottleneck: 172,000 years ago
  • -> small set of ancestors expanded out of Africa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Allometry

A

= y = c * (w)^k

  • Y (brain size) can be related to a more fundamental one W (body size)
  • C and k are constants
  • -> an increasing size does not have to result in an increase of its parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Encephalisation quotient (EQ)

A

= (actual brain weight)/(brain weight predicted from allometric line)
- departure of brain size from the allometric line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chihuahua fallacy

A
  • Intelligence is too complex to have such a simple relationship
  • small dogs (chihuahuas): body can be bred smaller but the brain size is less variable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basic metabolic rate (BMR)

A
  • rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest
  • Metabolism: comprises processes that the body needs to function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis

A
  • what differentiates primates from all other species was the complexity of their social lives and environment
  • Machiavellian: misleading –> got replaced by the social brain hypothesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apomorphies

A
  • traits that are defining for all species afterwards
  • a novel evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all its descendants
  • can be used as a defining character for a species/ group in phylogenetic terms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry (i.e. bones in hand and arm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Convergent evolution

A

gain of new, similar features independently (trait that develops independently)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pleistocene

A
  • Ice Age = geological epoch that included the world’s most recent period of glaciations
    = ‘winter’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Holocene

A
  • Current geological epoch
  • began after the last glacial period
    = warm period, ‘summer’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strepsirrhines

A

Suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates in Africa, Madagascar

18
Q

Haplorrhines

A

“dry-nosed” primates, suborder of primates containing the tarsiers as a sister of the strepsirrhines

19
Q

Prosimians

A

Group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines and haplorrhines

20
Q

Platyrrhines

A
  • Group of primates that includes the new-world apes, marmosets and tamarins
  • distinguished by having nostrils that are far apart and directed forwards or sideways and typically have a tail
21
Q

Catarrhines

A
  • Group of primates that include the old-world apes

- characterised by having nostrils close together with an opening in front of the face

22
Q

Brachiation

A

mode of locomotion involving swinging from branch to branch using only arms

23
Q

Hominins

A
  • intermediate forms between chimpanzees and the humans today
  • not a single evolving lineage –> branching of multiple forms, many of which go extinct and only some of which are on the line leading to living humans
24
Q

Out-of-Africa model

A
  • AMH is a new species that replaced the other living hominins without interbreeding
  • Morphology: universal similarity; not Asians resemble Erectus more etc.
  • Genetic evidence: deep branches between contemporary Africans
  • -> African bottleneck: small set of ancestors expanded out of Africa
  • Neanderthal DNA
25
Q

Ecological intelligence hypothesis

A
  • cognitive skills evolved mainly in response to the especially challenging demands of foraging for seasonal fruits and resources embedded in substrates
26
Q

Expensive tissue hypothesis

A
  • increases in brain size fmust have been balanced by a reduction of demands of other organs (gut reduction)
  • Carnivores need to kill (requires speed, strength & adequate perception to catch the prey) –> hunting & gathering intellectually demanding –> larger brain
27
Q

Arboreal theory

A
  • moving & feeding on land required stereoscopic vision and dextrous hands –> both of required a large brain to coordinate and control
28
Q

Fruit hypothesis (Diet hypothesis)

A
  • leaves are harder to digest
  • -> Fruit: lots of calories in easy to digest package (no thick cell walls)
  • Diet & sociality as complementary explanations
29
Q

What makes us human?

A
  • Bipedialism: walking on 2 feet
  • Meat eating
  • Tool use
  • Brain size
  • Life history
  • Learning niche
  • Language
  • Ballistics: enhanced lateralisation of the brain
30
Q

Meat eating

A
  • high-quality resource used to fund metabolic cost of large brains
  • guts became smaller (meat is easier to digest) –> freed up energy for brain
31
Q

Tool use

A
  • not restricted to humans –> humans greater dependency + more sophisticated use
  • appearance of new tools not well correlated with anatomical changes
32
Q

Brain size

A
  • larger brains relative to chimpanzees (not accounted for by larger body size)
  • -> Allometry (positive EQ)
33
Q

Life history

A
  • lifespan and period of development have increased/ elongated
  • born rather undeveloped (head otherwise too big for birth) –> fast post-natal developments
  • outweigh cost of investment in development –> live longer
  • family structure follows extended developmental period –> relatives help out
34
Q

Learning niche

A
  • high-skill foraging makes humans able to occupy very different environments in many ingenious ways
  • need more time to learn skills –> chance of inventing things
  • Long period of childhood: enables communication between preformed brain modules –> allows cognitive fluidity
35
Q

Language

A
  • productive language: produce nearly everything with different parts (words to produce sentences)
  • refer to things that aren’t present –> increased efficiency of social learning
  • gossip & the maintenance of cooperation by indirect reciprocity
  • FOXP2 mutation
36
Q

Australopithecines

A
  • 4 million - 1 million years ago
  • climate change: drying of climate, fragmenting of forest –> increased fitness of bipedalism
  • size of chimpanzees
  • mostly depends on plants
  • robust: more robust teeth/jaws
  • gracile: evolved into Homo
37
Q

Early Homo

A
  • 2,5 million years ago
  • brain size begins to clearly move toward human pattern
  • stone tools
  • full bipedalism & long-range mobility in place –> wander from Africa to Asia
  • began to depend on meat
  • -> Homo habilis
  • -> Homo erectus: Asia
  • Homo floresiensis: island; dwarf human
38
Q

Archaics

A
  • 0,8 million years ago
  • expanded size of body & brain, more complex tools
  • Homo neanderthalensis: Europe;
39
Q

Homo sapiens

A

= AMH (anatomical modern human)

- Bottleneck effect: expansion & divergence began with small population in Africa

40
Q

ARGHAGAP11B gene

A
  • drives the expansion of the human brain

- needs other genes to make those neurones form functional networks in brain