TASK 5 Flashcards
Humanity
1
Q
Dominance hierarchies
A
- Some individuals are “higher” in rank than others and are constantly able to displace others from a resource
- dynamic ranking: can be challenged (by fighting) and reversed; higher ranks more stressed
- stable ranking: lower ranks more stressed
2
Q
Social-brain hypothesis idea
A
= Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis
- maintaining social relationships requires devoted brain mechanisms –> social species will have larger brains compared to non-social ones
- bigger brain size must have evolved as a result of bigger group size
- only focus on social knowledge
3
Q
Cultural intelligence hypothesis
A
- human’s unique cognitive skills is mainly due to species-specific set of social-cognitive skills for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups
- humans only differ in cultural intelligence (proven in example with child and chimpanzee)
- can explain all knowledge (because it is derived from cultural intelligence)
4
Q
General Intelligence hypotheses
A
- larger brains enable more efficient use of all cognitive operations
5
Q
Adapted intelligence Hypothesis
A
- cognitive abilities evolve in response to relatively specific environmental challenges
- ecological theories and social theories combined
6
Q
Bottleneck effect
A
- Sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities
- African bottleneck: 172,000 years ago
- -> small set of ancestors expanded out of Africa
7
Q
Allometry
A
= y = c * (w)^k
- Y (brain size) can be related to a more fundamental one W (body size)
- C and k are constants
- -> an increasing size does not have to result in an increase of its parts
8
Q
Encephalisation quotient (EQ)
A
= (actual brain weight)/(brain weight predicted from allometric line)
- departure of brain size from the allometric line
9
Q
Chihuahua fallacy
A
- Intelligence is too complex to have such a simple relationship
- small dogs (chihuahuas): body can be bred smaller but the brain size is less variable
10
Q
Basic metabolic rate (BMR)
A
- rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest
- Metabolism: comprises processes that the body needs to function
11
Q
Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis
A
- what differentiates primates from all other species was the complexity of their social lives and environment
- Machiavellian: misleading –> got replaced by the social brain hypothesis
12
Q
Apomorphies
A
- traits that are defining for all species afterwards
- a novel evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all its descendants
- can be used as a defining character for a species/ group in phylogenetic terms
13
Q
Homology
A
similarity resulting from common ancestry (i.e. bones in hand and arm)
14
Q
Convergent evolution
A
gain of new, similar features independently (trait that develops independently)
15
Q
Pleistocene
A
- Ice Age = geological epoch that included the world’s most recent period of glaciations
= ‘winter’
16
Q
Holocene
A
- Current geological epoch
- began after the last glacial period
= warm period, ‘summer’