TASK 4 Flashcards
Cooperation
Reproduction restraint
Adaptations that evolve because it increased the likelihood of survival for the population in bad times
Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
- Strategy which cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy that is initially rare
Kin selection
- Evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to own reproduction and survival
- follow Hamilton’s rule
Hamilton’s rule
- Kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency –> when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor (r) multiplied by the benefit to the recipient (b) is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor (c) = (r*b > c)
OR = r > b/c
Inclusive fitness
- sum of personal fitness and fitness resulting from helping a relative
- -> direct fitness (number of offspring) + indirect fitness (offspring produced by relative)
Alloparenting
- relative/individual other than the biological that performs the functions of a parent –> takes care of offspring
Cooperation
= Action/process of working together to the same end
- True altruism
- Mutual-benefits behaviour
Altruism
- Selfless concern for the well-being of others
- behaviour that benefits others at costs for the actor
Mutual-benefits behaviour
Behaviour that is beneficial both to the actor and the recipient
By-product benefits
Situations where the mutual benefit arises simply from every individual following its own immediate self-interest
Direct reciprocity
= tit-for-tat
- We help individuals that helped us
- needs repeated encounters between same individuals
c < w*b (w = probability of recipient to reciprocate)
OR = w > c/b
–> prevents cheaters: receive benefits but never return
Indirect reciprocity
- Help is given to individuals based on their reputation –> help individuals whom we have seen help others in the past
- needs gossip (talk about others behaviour); high cognitive demands (maintain overview of network)
c < q*b (q = probability about having correct info about reputation)
OR = q > c/b
–> prevents cheaters: bad reputation
Green beard effect
- Explanation of selective altruism among individuals of a species –> help those who look more familiar
- Occurs when an allele produces 3 effects: a perceptible trait (the green beard), recognition of this trait by others, preferential treatment of individuals with the trait
Eusociality
- Highest level of organisation of animal sociality
- cooperative brood care: parents raise offspring
- overlapping generations: generations live together
- philopatry: stay in particular area
- division of labour: reproductive and non-reproductive groups
Reproductive altruism
Behaviour that increases other organisms’ fitness and permanently decreases the actor’s own fitness