Task 5

Question 1

OCD

-DSM criteria

Answer 1

A. presence of obsessions, compulsions or both
-obsessions: recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or impulsive experienced as intrusive and unwanted. Attempts to ignore or suprress such thoughts or neutralize them (dmv compulsions)
-compulsions: repetitive behavior or mental acts in response to an obsession. Aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety.
B. time consuming or cause impairment
C. not due to substance
D. not another mental disorder
Specify if tic related

Question 2

Obsessions, worry, intrusive thoughts and rumination

Answer 2

• obsessions focus on fears and concerns that are unrealistic and have been described as ego dystonic (gedrag dat in strijd is met behoeften en doelstellingen van ego)
• worry focus on more egosyntonic outcomes (gedrag, waarden en gevoelens die in overeenstemming izjn met ego.
• rumination is conscious , recurrent thought about personal concenrts that recur without immediate enviromental demands

Question 3

OCD anxiety disorder?

Answer 3

• obsessions elicit subjective anxiety
• compulsion is an escape response
• provoked by internal or external triggers
• compulsions result in anxiety reduction
• avoidance and safety behavior

Question 4

OCD

-subtypes

Answer 4

• repeated checking: results in reduction in memory confidence
• hoarding: poor decision making, lack of insight

Question 5

Abnormal obsessions differences

-Rachman

Answer 5

• treshold of acceptability is higher for abnormal
• normal easier to dismiss
• abnormal last longer
• abnormal more intense
• abnormal produce discomfort
• more frequent
• more ego-alien
• more strongly resisted
• more likely to be of known onset
• provoke more urges to neutralize

Question 6

Inflated percepion of responsibility

-Foa

Answer 6

• OCD have inflated perception of responsibility for harm to self or others
• oven leads to checking behavior
• OC checkers reported greater urge to rectify situations, greater relief upon rectifiying situations and greater perception of responsibility

Question 7

Induced not just right experiences

-fornes

Answer 7

• OCD compulsions manage and reduce inner feelings of incompleteness (INC) or experiences that are just not right (NJRE), until they achieve state of perfection
• OCD did not differ from non-clinical in the number of induced INC/NJRE but they were more disturbing, difficult to supress and instigated more urges to do in OCD

Question 8

Ironic effects of suppression

purdon

Answer 8

• Wegners study instructed to suppress thoughts about white bear. Suppressing during first interval more thought occurrences during the expression interval = rebound effect of suppression
• Suppression of depressive thoughts will result in more of those thoughts
  1) hyperaccessibility of other negative thoughts for use as distracter
  2) general tendency to perform with reduced cognitive effort in cognitive tasks
  3) suppressing negative mood by attempting to instate a positive one will be counterproductive

Question 9

Suppression and PTSD

purdon

Answer 9

• participants who suppressed thoughts about film reported more frequent film-related thought occurrences and evalueated film as being less aversive
• suppression did not interfere with episodic memory
• suppression of thoughts about a distressing event led to al later increase in thought frequency

Question 10

Supression obsessional thoughts

purdon

Answer 10

• normal obsessional thoughts - perceived personal significance - suppression of thoughts - increase in thought frequency
• development of obsessions result from negative appraisal to those thoughts
• suppression terminates exposure to the thought, thereby preventing habituation, and incorrect negative beliefs about thoughts in preventing harm are sustained

Question 11

Difference worry and obsession

Answer 11

• worry related to realistic experience
• worry occurs in form of thoughts, obsessions as images and impulses
• worry not as strongly resisted as obsessions

Question 12

White bear paradigm - wegner

Answer 12

• 5 min thinking about anything but not white bears otherwise push a button. Hard not to think of something
• enhancement effect was observed: Suppressing caused considerable number of intrusion during the 5 minutes
• rebound effect observed: thought about supressed objects more often during a subsequent period of unrestricted thinking

Question 13

research thought suppression

becker

Answer 13

• 5 min thinking normal aloud. Then 5 minutes thinking aloud but not white bears. Then 5 min but not thinking main worry
• patients with GAD suffer from lack of mental control regarding their worries
• more intrusions of their main worry
• harder for GAD to suppress thoughts of their worries than thoughts of a neutral stimulus