Task 1 Flashcards
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
=physical responses to stress occur in a consistent pattern and triggered for adapting to stressor
Stage 1 alarm
HPA: hypothalamus (CRH) - anterior pituitry (ACTH) - adrenal gland (cortisol)
SAM: stressor + hypothalamus + ANS + adrenal gland (medulla) secretes catecholamines + various organs (increased blood pressure, blood sugar and enhanced muscle tension)
Stage 2 resistance
-resist stressor on long-term basis
-uses up body’s reserves of adaptive energy
Stage 3 exhaustion
-brings signal of physical wear and tear
psychological responses to stress
- emotional changes when not had the chance to recover their emotional equilibrium
- reduction concentration due to ruminative thinking
- behavioral changes as quitting job or suicide attempt
stress mediators
- explaines why people react different to the same stressor
- stressors appraised as threats ipv challenges more impact
- unpredictable stressors more impact
- inadequate coping methods result reacting stronger
GAD
-DSM criteria
A. excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months
B. diffuculty controlling worry
C. anxiety and worry associated with (min 3)
-restlessness, easy fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irrtability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
D. cause impairment
E. not due to substance
F. not explained another mental disorder
GAD
-treatment
GAD not characterized by motoric avoidance of disorder specific stiuations so no traditional treatment
- nonadaptive awareness: constant focus on future threat
- nonadaptive cognition: nonadaptive ways of perceiving, interpreting and predicting events
- nonadaptive behavior: behavioral avoidance
- nonadaptive physiology: not sympathetic activation, only muscle tension
- nonadaptive emotion: more negative and intense attitude about emotions
GAD
-differential diagnosis
- panic disorder: PD not after 30 and situational specific worries, GAD CNS hyper PD ANS hyper
- SAD: only domain social, SAD ANS arousal
- OCD: GAD no compulsions, worries different than obsessions
- MDD: GAD more pains, worry to distract from more emotional material
SAD
-DSM criteria
A. fear of anxiety about social situations in which exposed to possible scrutiny by others B. fear of acting that will be negatively evaluated C. situation provoke fear or anxiety D. situation actively avoided E. out of proportion F. persisten, 6 months or more G. significant impairment H. not due to substance I. not another mental disorder J. medical condition is unrelated Specify if performance only
PD
-DSM criteria
A. recurrent unexpected panic attacks (abrupt surge of intense fear that reaches peak within minutes) 4 or more
-palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizzy, cold or hot, fear of dying, losing control, derealisation or depersonalization
B. followed by 1 month of
-persistent concern about panic attack or consequence
-maladaptive change in behavior
C. not due to substance
D. not another mental disorder
PD
-differential diagnosis
- panic in other anxiety: PD fear about consequences attack, other more focused on central concerns
- substance induced PD: result from intoxicated state
- panic due to general medical condition: PD not due to this
Hyperventilation syndrome
salkovskis
- cognitive theory predicts that affective response depends on the interpretation made: without negative interpretation no panic
- interpretation intensity of sensations influenced the intensity of affect
Physiological basis of hyperventilation
barlow
1) hyperventilation removes co2 faster than body produces
2) decrease partial pressure of arterial co2 (below 35 results in hypocapnia)
3) ph exceeds 7,45 called respiratory alkalosis
4) symptoms will occur (sweating and shaking)
5) hypocapnia causes vascular restriction (hypoxia: decrease co2 and ph back in balance)
Cognitive model of GAD
-model
trigger (positive metabeliefs activated) - type 1 worry (negative metabeliefs activated) - type 2 worry (metaworry) - behavior/thought control/emotion
-emotion linked back to type 1 worry
Cognitive model of GAD
-type 1 worry
- concerns external and non-cognitive events
- vb worry about one’s physical health
- catastrophizing thought in what if style
- continues until it’s displaced by goals that compete for attention
cognitive model of GAD
-type 2 worry
- meta worry
- worrying about worrying
- concerns with thoughts itself
- symptoms intenser so difficult to attain internal state that worry can cease
cognitive model of GAD
- everyone has metabeliefs but type 2 when they become negative
- vb ik kan het piekeren niet controlen; als ik piekeren niet kan stoppen word ik gek; het feit dat ik me zoveel zorgen maak, betekend dat ik gek aan het worden ben
- event - worry about event - worry about worry - avoidance of danger associated with worry - increase range worry triggers and no chance to find out that these negative beliefs are unrealistic
