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Functional Neuroanatomy > Task 4 - Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Task 4 - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Limbic
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2
Q

Subcortical fiber bundles

A

Connect cortical areas:

  • Association fibers
  • Commissural fibers
  • Ascending/descending projection fibers
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3
Q

Histological Cortex Organization

A 
Organized in layers:
Neocortex: 6 layers I-VI
-> enables thought
Older cortical areas only 3 layers: 
-paleocortex
-archicortex
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4
Q

Paleocortex

A

Olfactory bulb, uncus, anterior commissure

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5
Q

Archicortex

A

Hippocampus, dentate gyrus

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6
Q

Pyramidal Neurons

A
  • in layers III and V
  • triangular structure: 1 apical dendrite and abundant dendritic trees coming from cell body
  • main output cells of cortex: project into other brain regions and spinal cord
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7
Q

Granular Neurons

A
  • in layers II and IV
  • stellate neurons
  • shorter axons, smaller dendritic trees
  • remain in cortex
  • > main interneurons of cortex
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8
Q

Layer I

A

Molecular layer

contains neuronal processes

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9
Q

Layer VI

A

Multiform layer

contains output neurons

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10
Q

Agranular Cortex

A

Mainly contains pyramidal neurons projecting to lower motor neurons (e.g. primary motor cortex)
-> not many granular neurons

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11
Q

Granular Cortex

A

Mainly contains granular neurons processing sensory information (e.g. primary sensory cortex)
-> few pyramidal cells

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12
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A

Cortex is organized into functional units

  • > cortical columns
  • columns specizalized to process specific inputs or outputs (depends on function)
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13
Q

Cortical layers

A 
I: molecular layer
II: external granular layer
III: external pyramidal layer
IV: internal granular layer
V: Internal pyramidal layer
VI: Multiform layer
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14
Q

Subcortical fiber bundle function

A

Relay information to and from specific brain areas

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15
Q

Association fibers

A

Interconnect areas within one hemisphere:

  • short association fibers: connect areas in adjacent gyri
  • long association fibers: connect areas more distant from each other
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16
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect cortical areas of one hemisphere with the same ones in the opposite hemisphere
-> enables coordination of cortical activity across hemispheres

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17
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Connects anterior temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs with each other

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18
Q

Posterior Commissure

A

In midbrain, connects pretectal nuclei

19
Q

Projection fibers

A

Travel to or from the cortex: ascending or descending

  • descend to: basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord
  • converge in internal capsule
20
Q

Brodmann’s cortical organization

A
  • divided human cortex into 43 cytoarchitectonic areas
  • each area labelled by number between 1-52 (areas 12-16, 48-51 not found in human cortex)
  • > cytoarchitectonic map
  • > architectonic units of Brodmann later linked to functional areas of the brain with neuroimaging
21
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Movement of organelles, lipids, proteins, synaptic vesicles and other parts of cell membranes to and from the soma down the axon to synapses and back to soma
-> essential to growth and survival of neuron

22
Q

Microtubules

A
  • run along length of axon

- provide main cytoskeletal tracks for axoplasmic transport

23
Q

Motor proteins

A

Move axoplasmic transport cargo to axon and back to soma

  • kinesin & dynein
  • bind and transport different cargos: mitochondria, cytoskeletal polymers, synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters
24
Q

Anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

Facilitated by Kinesin

  • movement of organelles outward (from soma to axon tip)
  • cargo moved in transport vesicles along microtubules mediated by kinesin
25
Kinesin
Anterograde motor protein
26
Dynein
Retrograde motor protein
27
Retrograde axoplasmic transport
Movement of molecules/organelles inward: from axon tip to soma - cargo moved in transport vesicles mediated by dynein - source of recycling of many substances + informs soma of conditions at axon terminal
28
Tracing
Injection of substance and imaging of its metabolization - > importatn for mapping connectivity between brain areas - provides specific insights where input to field comes from and where it projects to
29
Disadvantages Tracing
- injection site never perfectly matches field of interest - substances often spread into adjacent fields - substances affect various neurons in injection cells -> not only targeted neurons
30
1st Major principle of Large-Scale functional organization
Characterized by non-random, small-world, modular global brain architecture with strategic hub regions regulating communication among different functional systems
31
2nd Major priniple of large-scale functional organization
Large-Scale functional organization underlies strong interhemispheric connectivity with gradient of decreasing left-right connectivity from sensory to association and hetermodal cortices
32
3rd Major principle of large-scale functional organization
Human brain is intrinsically organized into coherent functional networks
33
4th major principle of large-scale functional organization
Functional brain organization is characterized by tasks- and context-dependent activated and deactivated brain systems (-> limited parallel processing to restrict neural resources)
34
5th major principle of large-scale functional organization
Default-mode network: - large scale network formed by most widely deactivated regions - tightly functionally and structurally interconnected - important for self-referential information processing and monitoring of internal mental landscape
35
6th major principle of large-scale functional organization
Core prefrontal parietal control systems can be separated into distinct brain networks with distinct roles: - salience network - central executive network
36
Small-world architecture
Network in which constituent nodes have a large degree of clustering and relatively short distances between two nodes -> promotes high specialization and high integration within modular architecture
37
Cortical hubs
Brain areas communicating information across different brain systems within a small-world architecture e.g. posterior cingulate cortex: facilitates rapid integration of information across multiple functional systems
38
Bias of interhemispheric connectivity
Left hemisphere: bias toward stronger intrahemispheric connectivity Right hemisphere: bias toward stronger interhemispheric connectivity -> consistent with laterlization for language and bilateral visuospatial attention networks
39
Interhemispheric connectivity gradient
Highest interhemispheric interaction strength: primary sensorimotor cortices - lower correlations across heteromodal association areas - lower correlations across heteromodal association areas
40
Default-Mode Network
Anchored in posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex - set of brain regions deactivated during wide range of cognitive tasks - linked to: episodic memory, autobiographical memory, internal speech - > construction of mental models of personally significant events
41
Fronto-Opercular-Parietal Control Systems
Salience Network | Central executive network
42
Salience Network
Anchored in anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex - integrated brain signals of conflict-monitoring, interoceptive-autonomic, and reward-processing areas - > identification of homeostatically relevant stimuli to guide behavior
43
Central Executive Network
Frontoparietal network anchored in dorsolateral & ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and supramarginal gyrus in lateral parietal cortex -> critical for active maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory (rule-based problem solving, decision-making in goal-directed behavior)
44
Interaction between Salience and Central Executive Networks
Regulate shifts in attentions and access to goal-relevant cognitive resources

Functional Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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