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Functional Neuroanatomy > Task 4 - Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Task 4 - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Limbic
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2
Q

Subcortical fiber bundles

A

Connect cortical areas:

  • Association fibers
  • Commissural fibers
  • Ascending/descending projection fibers
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3
Q

Histological Cortex Organization

A 
Organized in layers:
Neocortex: 6 layers I-VI
-> enables thought
Older cortical areas only 3 layers: 
-paleocortex
-archicortex
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4
Q

Paleocortex

A

Olfactory bulb, uncus, anterior commissure

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5
Q

Archicortex

A

Hippocampus, dentate gyrus

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6
Q

Pyramidal Neurons

A
  • in layers III and V
  • triangular structure: 1 apical dendrite and abundant dendritic trees coming from cell body
  • main output cells of cortex: project into other brain regions and spinal cord
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7
Q

Granular Neurons

A
  • in layers II and IV
  • stellate neurons
  • shorter axons, smaller dendritic trees
  • remain in cortex
  • > main interneurons of cortex
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8
Q

Layer I

A

Molecular layer

contains neuronal processes

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9
Q

Layer VI

A

Multiform layer

contains output neurons

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10
Q

Agranular Cortex

A

Mainly contains pyramidal neurons projecting to lower motor neurons (e.g. primary motor cortex)
-> not many granular neurons

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11
Q

Granular Cortex

A

Mainly contains granular neurons processing sensory information (e.g. primary sensory cortex)
-> few pyramidal cells

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12
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A

Cortex is organized into functional units

  • > cortical columns
  • columns specizalized to process specific inputs or outputs (depends on function)
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13
Q

Cortical layers

A 
I: molecular layer
II: external granular layer
III: external pyramidal layer
IV: internal granular layer
V: Internal pyramidal layer
VI: Multiform layer
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14
Q

Subcortical fiber bundle function

A

Relay information to and from specific brain areas

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15
Q

Association fibers

A

Interconnect areas within one hemisphere:

  • short association fibers: connect areas in adjacent gyri
  • long association fibers: connect areas more distant from each other
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16
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect cortical areas of one hemisphere with the same ones in the opposite hemisphere
-> enables coordination of cortical activity across hemispheres

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17
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Connects anterior temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs with each other

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18
Q

Posterior Commissure

A

In midbrain, connects pretectal nuclei

19
Q

Projection fibers

A

Travel to or from the cortex: ascending or descending

  • descend to: basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord
  • converge in internal capsule
20
Q

Brodmann’s cortical organization

A
  • divided human cortex into 43 cytoarchitectonic areas
  • each area labelled by number between 1-52 (areas 12-16, 48-51 not found in human cortex)
  • > cytoarchitectonic map
  • > architectonic units of Brodmann later linked to functional areas of the brain with neuroimaging
21
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Movement of organelles, lipids, proteins, synaptic vesicles and other parts of cell membranes to and from the soma down the axon to synapses and back to soma
-> essential to growth and survival of neuron

22
Q

Microtubules

A
  • run along length of axon

- provide main cytoskeletal tracks for axoplasmic transport

23
Q

Motor proteins

A

Move axoplasmic transport cargo to axon and back to soma

  • kinesin & dynein
  • bind and transport different cargos: mitochondria, cytoskeletal polymers, synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters
24
Q

Anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

Facilitated by Kinesin

  • movement of organelles outward (from soma to axon tip)
  • cargo moved in transport vesicles along microtubules mediated by kinesin
25
Q

Kinesin

A

Anterograde motor protein

26
Q

Dynein

A

Retrograde motor protein

27
Q

Retrograde axoplasmic transport

A

Movement of molecules/organelles inward: from axon tip to soma

  • cargo moved in transport vesicles mediated by dynein
  • source of recycling of many substances + informs soma of conditions at axon terminal
28
Q

Tracing

A

Injection of substance and imaging of its metabolization

  • > importatn for mapping connectivity between brain areas
  • provides specific insights where input to field comes from and where it projects to
29
Q

Disadvantages Tracing

A
  • injection site never perfectly matches field of interest
  • substances often spread into adjacent fields
  • substances affect various neurons in injection cells -> not only targeted neurons
30
Q

1st Major principle of Large-Scale functional organization

A

Characterized by non-random, small-world, modular global brain architecture with strategic hub regions regulating communication among different functional systems

31
Q

2nd Major priniple of large-scale functional organization

A

Large-Scale functional organization underlies strong interhemispheric connectivity with gradient of decreasing left-right connectivity from sensory to association and hetermodal cortices

32
Q

3rd Major principle of large-scale functional organization

A

Human brain is intrinsically organized into coherent functional networks

33
Q

4th major principle of large-scale functional organization

A

Functional brain organization is characterized by tasks- and context-dependent activated and deactivated brain systems (-> limited parallel processing to restrict neural resources)

34
Q

5th major principle of large-scale functional organization

A

Default-mode network:

  • large scale network formed by most widely deactivated regions
  • tightly functionally and structurally interconnected
  • important for self-referential information processing and monitoring of internal mental landscape
35
Q

6th major principle of large-scale functional organization

A

Core prefrontal parietal control systems can be separated into distinct brain networks with distinct roles:

  • salience network
  • central executive network
36
Q

Small-world architecture

A

Network in which constituent nodes have a large degree of clustering and relatively short distances between two nodes
-> promotes high specialization and high integration within modular architecture

37
Q

Cortical hubs

A

Brain areas communicating information across different brain systems within a small-world architecture
e.g. posterior cingulate cortex: facilitates rapid integration of information across multiple functional systems

38
Q

Bias of interhemispheric connectivity

A

Left hemisphere: bias toward stronger intrahemispheric connectivity
Right hemisphere: bias toward stronger interhemispheric connectivity
-> consistent with laterlization for language and bilateral visuospatial attention networks

39
Q

Interhemispheric connectivity gradient

A

Highest interhemispheric interaction strength: primary sensorimotor cortices

  • lower correlations across heteromodal association areas
  • lower correlations across heteromodal association areas
40
Q

Default-Mode Network

A

Anchored in posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex

  • set of brain regions deactivated during wide range of cognitive tasks
  • linked to: episodic memory, autobiographical memory, internal speech
  • > construction of mental models of personally significant events
41
Q

Fronto-Opercular-Parietal Control Systems

A

Salience Network

Central executive network

42
Q

Salience Network

A

Anchored in anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex

  • integrated brain signals of conflict-monitoring, interoceptive-autonomic, and reward-processing areas
  • > identification of homeostatically relevant stimuli to guide behavior
43
Q

Central Executive Network

A

Frontoparietal network anchored in dorsolateral & ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and supramarginal gyrus in lateral parietal cortex
-> critical for active maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory
(rule-based problem solving, decision-making in goal-directed behavior)

44
Q

Interaction between Salience and Central Executive Networks

A

Regulate shifts in attentions and access to goal-relevant cognitive resources

Functional Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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