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Motivation & Emotion > Task 4 - affect-driven attention and memory bias > Flashcards

Task 4 - affect-driven attention and memory bias Flashcards

1
Q

Affective significance

A

Directs attention

  • innate/hard- wired to be always prioritised by attentional system (rats fear cat odor)
  • learned associations lead to significance (stimulus-emotional response)

Response to important stimuli can be prepared rapidly and efficiently

  • faster distinction (good/bad) —> faster response —> greater success in adapting to environment
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2
Q

Factors that influence whether object becomes affectively significant

A
  • novelty of a stimulus
  • intrinsic pleasantness
  • certainty of predictability
  • relevance to own goals
  • compatibility with personal and social standards
  • etc
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3
Q

Attentional bias for negative/positive salient stimuli

A

Early selection

  • can occur in every sensory modality
  • can occur automatically or under voluntary control
  • can occur at any processing stage

Advantage to sense negative material —> negative information bias

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4
Q

Indirect attentional bias

A

Affective significant modulates perception via enhancement of attentional mechanisms

Affective significance—> attention allocation—> perception improves

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5
Q

Direct attentional bias

A

Affect influences very early sensory processes

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6
Q

Visual search task

Affective search task

A
  • how quickly can people detect a particular class of stimulus
  • present faces -> subjects indicate whether e.g. angry faces are present or absent

Threat superiority effect

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7
Q

Threat-superiority effect

A

People are faster in picking out angry rather than happy faces

(Affective search task)

Distracting stimuli similarly slow reaction time for angry and happy faces

Search for angry expressions is serial —> speed of attention shifts faster for angry faces

Only for angry faces, not for sad faces

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8
Q

Interference task

A

e.g, stroop task

Emotional stroop task:
presented words vary in affective valence and colour —> name colour and ignore meaning of the word

  • people are significantly slower to name colour of words with negative valence

—> general vigilance for negative social information

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9
Q

Gabor stimuli

A

Images with varying contrast —> measure perceptual sensitivity

  • Higher perceptual sensitivity following a fearful compared to neutral face
  • works better for single than multiple cue faces

—> interaction of emotion and attention

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10
Q

Affective attentional biases in the brain

A

Amygdala activity correlated with activity in extrastirate cortex —> emotional stimuli (amygdala) boost sensory processing in extrastriate cortex

  • show faces & houses —> enhanced activity in fusiform gyrus for fearful faces, even if houses were attended
  • -> Mere presence of threat-relevant stimuli can boost sensory processing

Two mechanisms:

  1. Stimuli activate amygdala, which then has modulatory effects on sensory areas –> More support
  2. Affective stimuli directly activates cortical regions involved in attentional control
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11
Q

Flashbulb memories

A
  • events s.a. 9/11 often remembered with remarkable degree of vividness and detail
  • emotional events highly correlate with vividness of memory

High confidence that memories are correct BUT often inaccurate

Enhanced memory of everyday emotional events (great vividness and detail)

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12
Q

Laboratory studies - remember vs. Know

A

Remember = retrieval of event with contextual details

Know= sense that item is familiar without precise memory of contextual details

  • affectively negative stimuli remembered better than neutral ones (no difference for knowing)

—> negative events are remembered more vividly but not more accurate

  • due to enhanced amygdala activity
  • different neural circuits for neutral and affective items
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13
Q

Weapon-focus effect

A

–> People remember details about weapon, but nothing about other aspects of situation

  • More aroused —> remember less peripheral and more central details
  • affect improves accuracy of central aspects and impairs memory for peripheral aspects
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14
Q

Valence or arousal?

A

Amygdala: key structure for enhanced memory with arousal –> Amygdala modulates activity in hippocampus to ensure enhanced consolidation

Amygdala damage —> Impairs memory of central aspects of a scene, not peripheral –> people did not differ in recall for emotional events compared to neutral events

Degree of activity during emotional events correlates with subsequent recall

Amygdala and hippocampus activation during encoding —> improved memory for emotional stimuli, independent of valence

  • valence —> negative arousing and non-arousing words remembered better than neutral words
  • -> PFC&hippocampus for non-arousing words
  • -> Amygdala&Hippocamous for arousing words
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15
Q

Encoding effects

A

Arousal —>attention enhancement toward more arousing stimuli –> Processed more deeply

  • more elaborated mental representation
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16
Q

Consolidation effects

A

Arousing stimuli more likely to be consolidated into long-term representations

—> linked to hormones that are modulated by amygdala

  • amygdala influences other brain regions that are linked to consolidation
17
Q

Retrieval effects

A

Unclear if there are any effects

18
Q

Mood congruency effect

A

We are more likely to remember things which are congruent with our current mood

  • Can occur at encoding and retrieval
  • increased recall for items that were congruent with mood at encoding

—> see associative network model

  • mood congruent information more salient and processed at a deeper level (encoding)

Influence of mood-congruency in retrieval less clear (cannot be clearly distinguished from encoding)

19
Q

Mood dependent memory

A

Material learned while in particular mood, more likely to be recalled when in same mood

  • consistency between mood at encoding and retrieval is important

(Vs mood congruent: mood at encoding and mood valence of material )

  • recall of neutral words better when mood at encoding matched mood at retrieval

—> comparable effect size for happy and sad mood

Only under certain conditions:
—> real-life events
—> stringer association with material

  • mood acts as retrieval cue
  • intensity of mood states are more important than mood itself

=> enhanced memory for events 5hat are relevant to current motivation associated with the mood

20
Q

Associative network models (Gordon Bower

A

-concepts and facts in memory stored as nodes within a complex network

  • nodes are connected via semantic relationships
    —> closely related concepts are closely associated in the network (dog-bark)
  • other concepts ,ore distally related (dog -ship)

Particular node activated —> activation spreads around network —>activate closely related concepts more than distally related concepts

  • mood states stored as nodes along with other cognitive concepts
  • mood state can activate a concept and vice versa —> predict mood congruent and mood dependent memory effects
  • 6 basic mood states —> each with specific triggers which are elaborated and differentiated throughout life
  • activation of one mood inhibits another (Happiness inhibits sadness)
21
Q

Limitations of Associative network models

A

1)- does not account for effect of motivation on mood congruent memory effects

—> different mood repair strategies (e.g. distraction, rumination) can result in mood congruent or incongruent

2) does not account for mood congruent biases

22
Q

Affect infusion model (AIM )

A

– expands the associative network model

– specifies circumstances in which mood–congruency effects are likely or unlikely to occur

Assumption: mood congruent predictions only under conditions that allow open and unbiased search and processing strategy

– processing strategy influenced by task features, person features & Situation features

Affect infusion = mood congruity & mood dependency
– most likely with open, elaborate & constructive processing style

4 processing strategies

Direct access & motivated processing ––> closed and directed processing

– Limit opportunity for affect infusion

Heuristic & substantive processing ——> more open and constructive processing

— more opportunity for affect infusion

=> key prediction of AIM
– presence of mood congruity effects when heuristic and substantive processing strategies are used

– absence when direct access and motivated strategy are used

23
Q

Direct access

A

Used for highly familiar (automatic) tasks

No strong motivational or other cues

Little chance of affect infusion —> no mood congruity/ dependency

24
Q

Motivated processing

A

Specific motivational objective

Might be triggered by negative mood states —> mood repair

Limited amount of incidental affect infusion

25
Q

Heuristic strategy

A

No motivational pressures for more detailed processing

  • simple, familiar task
  • no/ little personal relevance

—> affect infusion if people rely on affect as heuristic cue

26
Q

Substantive processing

A

Simpler strategies are not adequate to deal with situation

Task difficult/complex

Novel task —> no motivational goal to guide processing

Affect infusion very likely

27
Q

Amygdala & emotional attention

A
  • emotional valence of stimulus may draw attention more rapidly
  • amygdala has widespread reciprocal connections with many cortical regions

—> perceptual pathways

—> memory-related regions (hippocampus)

—> prefrontal regions (OFC, pfc )

  • connectivity enables amygdala to receive rich sensory information
  • strengthen neural representations of emotional stimuli

==> amygdala enables multiple brain systems to dynamically reorganise to appropriately deal with current environment

28
Q

Inpact of emotion on memory

A

Emotion —> perceptual prioritisation —> encoding

Emotion —> increased consolidation —> storage ( depends largely on hippocampus)
- form robust memory traces via increased arousal

Emotion —> heightened sense of recollection —> retrieval

  • might become more central to planning of current behaviour
  • react more efficiently to uncertain situations

Motivation & Emotion (8 decks)

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