Task 1: Concepts of emotion and motivation Flashcards
Need
Lack of something creates a need (e.g. lack of food creates need for eating)
Maslow’s theory of emotion
- Biological/physiological needs (e.g. lack of water, food, sleep, health, temperature —> necessary for body to survive)
- Safety/security needs (e.g. lack of safety, financial, personal, legal protection, stability)
- Belongingness (e.g. lack of emotional interactions (family, friends, partner), relationships, mutual affection) –> lack of belongingness often cause of anxiety
- Self-esteem (e.g. lack of respect for self and respect from others)
- Self-actualization - Process of becoming the person you really are and not what society wants you to be (other-oriented)
–> Lower-level needs need to be satisfied in order to attempt to satisfy higher-level needs
Study by Taormina & Gao (2013) - Methods
Aim: Test whether maslow’s theory is still valid today
Method:
1. Test satisfaction of each need
2. Test expected correlations
- with each other: expect positive correlations between satisfaction of needs
- with social and personality measures: Family emotional support, traditional values, anxiety/worry, life satisfaction
3. Ability of satisfaction level of each need to predict satisfaction of next higher-level need
Study by Taormina & Gao (2013) - Results
- -> Maslow’s theory supported
1. Reliability and validity of all 5 needs
2. Correlations: - Positive correlations among the 5 scales –> The more lower-level need satisfied, the more next level need satisfied
- Correlations with social and personality measures: Positive correlation for all, except worry/anxiety (–> negative correlation)
3. Predictive validity: Satisfaction of higher level need was statistically predicted by satisfaction of the need immediately below it
History of attribution approach
- Early theories of motivation - pleasure/pain principle
- Atkinson’s theory of achievement motivation - achievement behaviors determined by pride and shame –> only intrinsic
- Later attribution theories - feelings are determined by causal beliefs and direct behavior
Attribution approach of success and failure (Fritz Heider)
- Causal locus/ location = internal vs. external cause
- Causal stability = stable/permanent vs. changeable
- Expectancies of future success, linked to confidence, apprehension, hope and helplessness - Causal control = Changeable by agent or not
- judgment of responsibilities and moral emotions (guilt, remorse, anger and sympathy)
Causal stability and causal locus together
Stable/Internal: low self-esteem –> hopelessness
Unstable/Internal: low self-esteem –> hope
Stable/External: Same self-esteem –> hopelessness
Unstable/External: Same self-esteem –> hope
Happiness
- Happiness always after success
- Attribution independent, outcome dependent
- Induces positive motivation
Relief
- Attribution independent, outcome dependent
- Always, except when expectation of success very high
Pride
- When internal attribution for success (does not matter whether controllable or uncontrollable)
- Can lead to envy or admiration depending if controllable or uncontrollable
Gratitude
- Success due to external cause, that is controllable by others (action must be freely provided by giver & valued by recipient)
Surprise
Success or failure external and unstable (unexpected)
Confidence
If success stable
Apprehension, Uncertainty
if success due to unstable cause (luck), then one does not expect it in the future
Unhappiness
- Always after failure
- Motivational consequences can be positive or negative
Shame
- Internal, uncontrollable of failure
- Negative motivational consequences (e.g. social withdrawal)
Guilt
- Internal, controllable cause of failure
- Promotes positive behaviors
Sympathy, pity and scorn
- Other directed emotion
- Pity: uncontrollable, internal or external
- Sympathy: Internal, uncontrollable (e.g. physical disability)
- Scorn (verhöhnen): Internal, uncontrollable –> Downward social comparison
Anger (other-directed)
- Failure due to external cause
- Other-responsibility
helplessness, hopelessness, hope
Helplessness = Internal and stable Hopelessness = failure always stable and uncontrollable Hope = Unstable cause of failure
Schadenfreude
First succeeds due to external cause and then fails due to internal cause
Mostly, if we do not like other person
(Limitations) of attribution approach
- Cannot explain predictions regarding deprived rats
- Based on common sense – Whats new? –> systematizes common sense
- Cannot explain helpgiving (pro-social behavior) –> Yes, not completly, but control and sympathy also play role
- Theory explains reaction to moral transgression with anger, but evidence suggest that reaction is disgust –> However, anger has mitigators, disgust does not
- Overemphasized rationality –> but unconsious mechanisms might be activated in making causal conclusions
Laws of emotion (Frijda)
Emotions are lawful –> Emerge, increase and decrease according to rules in a determined fashion
Emotions are result of causal mechanism, but often of involuntary nature
Action readiness
Emotions are defined by how the evoke the urge to do something or not to do something
- -> Correspond with behaviors
- Innate e.g. crying
- facial expressions e.g. smile
- physiological response