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Consciousness > Task 4 > Flashcards

Task 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

Attention =’experiential highlighting’

  • filters out irrelevant information from our environment
  • qualitatively shape the kinds of conscious experiences we have
  • allows us to track, inspect, and act with respect to another person or object
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2
Q

Spotlight of Attention

A

Paying attention feels like directing a light on some things and not others

–> attention makes things brighter, more prominent, or more focused

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3
Q

Serial Search vs. Popping out

A

serial search: looking at each item in turn to identify it

popping out: the difference between items is so obvious to the visual system that the target just pops out

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4
Q

Bottleneck Theory of Attention

A

–> not valid anymore

Preconscious sensory filters need to decide what should be let through to the deeper stages of processing

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5
Q

Phenomena of Attention

A
  1. inattentional blindness
  2. attentional blink
  3. change blindness
  4. cocktail party effect
  5. lunch line
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6
Q

Types of Attention

A
  1. covert attention
  2. overt attention
  3. spatial attention
  4. feature attention
  5. object attention
  6. temporal attention
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7
Q

Selective Attention

A

attentional control systems
= involved in modulating thoughts and actions, as well as sensory processes

–> May mediate cortical excitability in the visual cortex

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8
Q

Perceptual Load Theory

A

Perceptual processing has limited capacity
- when a task involves dealing with a large amount of information = capacity is fully exhausted by the processing of the attended-to information

–> things can only get into awareness/consciousness if they meet certain attentional criteria

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9
Q

Premotor Theory of Selective Spatial Attention

A
  • a flow of information from visual selection to motor planning
  • the system that controls action is the same that controls spatial attention

= Attending to a particular position in space is like preparing to look or reach toward it

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10
Q

Biased/Integrated Competition Theory

A

Attention = neural competition mechanism
- biased by feedback from a person’s goals, expectations, emotional states, etc.

–> inputs compete for neural representation
–> the winner of the competition is attended to
–> becomes available to higher cognitive processes

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11
Q

Attention Schema Theory of Consciousness

A

Consciousness is directly connected with attention

-> awareness = internal model of attention

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12
Q

Structuring View of Attention

A

Attention is contrastive:
it structures our mental life so that some things are a priority to others
(for action selection)

–> attention is the mental activity of structuring the stream of consciousness

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13
Q

Attention as Rational-Access Consciousness

A

Attention = consciousness that makes information fully accessible to use in the rational control of thought and action

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14
Q

Goal-Directed/Endogenous Attention (Top-Down)

A
  • if the stimulus is given high priority:
    = the response in the sensory areas may be enhanced
  • if the stimulus is not responded to, it is irrelevant to the current goal
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15
Q

Stimulus-Driven/Exogenous Attention (Bottom-Up)

A
  • the stimulus itself captures attention
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16
Q

Dorsal Attention System

A
  • bilateral
  • frontal and parietal areas
  • PFC, posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), frontal eye field (FEF)
  • purposeful, voluntary, goal-directed, high-level attention
  • concerned with spatial attention
17
Q

Ventral Attention System

A
  • alerting and vigilance systems (“standing guard”)
  • right hemisphere
  • temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
  • ventral frontal cortex (VFC)
  • concerned with nonspatial attention of attention
  • engaged by stimuli that are unexpected, or change unexpectedly –> warning stimuli
18
Q

Dorsal-Ventral Interactions

A
  • the systems interact and cooperate to produce normal behavior
  • flexible attentional control relies on both dorsal and ventral mechanisms –> dependent on current task demands
  • they direct attention to relevant locations and potential targets, and they interrupt this attentional state when a novel target appears elsewhere, enabling us to reorient the focus of our attention
19
Q

Frontal Cortex and Attentional Control (FEF)

A
  • the frontal cortex has a modulatory influence on the visual cortex through the frontal eye fields (FEF)
  • the FEF coordinate eye movement and gaze shift, which are important for orienting and attention
  • stimulating FEF neurons produces topographically mapped saccadic eye movements
20
Q

Parietal Cortex and Control of Attention

A
  • contains multiple representations of space
  • attentional shifts are correlated with changes in the activity of parietal neurons
21
Q

Intraparetal Sulcus (IPS)

A
  • activity in lateral intraparietal area (LIP) provides a priority map –> the visual system uses this map to determine the locus of attention
  • LIP is concerned with the location and saliency of objects
  • provides the TPJ with behaviorally relevant information about stimuli –> their salience
22
Q

Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ)

A
  • engaged in target detection
  • the response to stimuli that appear in unexpected locations activates the TPJ
  • interrupts the current attentional focus that is established by the goal-directed dorsal network
23
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

superior colliculus neurons are sensitive to the saliency of a stimulus and guide eye movements toward them

24
Q

Pulvinar of the Thalamus

A
  • pulvinar neurons show enhanced activity when a stimulus is the target of a saccadic eye movement or when a stimulus is attended without eye movements of the target
  • involved in voluntary and reflexive attention
  • central to covert spatial attention and filtering of stimuli
25
Q

Neglect

A
  • disorder of spatial attention
  • dorsal attention system: lateralized impairment in exploring and orienting to events in contralesional space
  • ventral attention system: difficulties reorienting attention to unexpected contralesional events
26
Q

Bálint’s Syndrome

A
  • bilateral lesions to portions of the posterior parietal and occipital cortex
  • severe perceptual deficits

Typical Deficits:
- simultanagnosia: inability to perceive space or anything as a whole
- ocular apraxia: inability to guide your eye movement yourself
- optic ataxia: inability to grasp, to do visually guided hand movements

27
Q

Exogenous Posner Cueing Task

A
  1. Fixate central cross
  2. symbolic cue tells where a target is about to appear
  3. try to respond to target as quickly as possible
    a) valid cue: target is where it’s supposed to be
    b) neutral cue: no cue
    c) invalid cue: target is somewhere else (25%)
28
Q

Enxogenous Posner Task

A

valid cue: salient visual stimulus presented at target location in which a visual target appears next

invalid cue: cue is presented to location where target doesn’t appear

timing: target follows much later (as compared to endogenous condition) to give participants time to recover from exogenous cue

Consciousness (9 decks)

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