Task 3 Brainy Methods

Question 1

1. Neurolation

Answer 1

Formation of the neural tube(prenatal)

Question 2

2. Neurogenesis

Answer 2

the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons (prenatal)
• Neurons begin as a single layer in the inside of the neural tube, they divide by a process called mitosis
• Ventricular zone: A region lining in the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells through life
o All glia and neuron cells are derived from cells that originate from the ventricular zone
• Cell-cell interactions: The general process during development in which, one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighbouring cells

Question 3

3. Cell migration

Answer 3

the movements of the cells to establish distinct nerve cell populations (brain nuclei, layers of the cerebral cortex, and so on) (prenatal)
• Cell migration: The movement of cells from site of origin to final location
• Radial glia cells: Glia cells that from early and provide orientation, creeping along them, for the migrated cells
• Cell adhesion molecule (CAM): A protein found on the surface of a cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding

Question 4

4. Diffferentiation

Answer 4

4. Differentiation: the transformation of precursor cells into distinctive types of neurons and glia cells (Postnatal)
   • The cell begins to use or express particular genes, which means that the transcribes the specific proteins it needs, shapes cell into distinctive forms and gives rise to functions of the region
   • Cell autonomous differentiation: presumably only genes within that cell are directing events, and not influenced from the outside
   • Induction: The process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighbouring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cell
   • Regulation: the developing animals compensates for missing or injured cells
   o Stem cells: Cells that can adapt everywhere

Question 5

6. Synaptogenesis

Answer 5

the establishment of synaptic connections, as axons and dendrites grow
• Growth cones: the growing tip of an axons or a dendrite
• Filopodia: Very fine, tubular outgrowths from the growth cone, they contract somewhere and pull the growth cone in this particular direction
• Chemoattractant: Compounds that attract particular classes of axonal growth cones
• Chemorepellents: Compounds that repel particular classes of axonal growth cones
o Important for crossing the body site or staying on the wanted site

Question 6

7. Neuronal cell death

Answer 6

the selective death of many nerve cells
• Number of Neurons that die during early development is quite large
• Death genes: A gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis)

Question 7

8. synapse rearrangement

Answer 7

the loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine synaptic connections
• Takes place after period of cell death
• Thinning of grey matter

Question 8

9. Myelination

Answer 8

its prenatal but continues after birth

Question 9

Week after fertilization

Answer 9

Embryo shows the beginning of all tissues, that consists of three cell layers: mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm.
 Ectoderm – Outer cellular layer of developing embryo, that gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

Question 10

20 days after fertilization

Answer 10

Cell layers thicken and grow into flat oval plate, creating a neural groove.

Question 11

22 days after fertilization

Answer 11

Ridges of neural groove come together to form neural tube, a structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Question 12

24 days after fertilization

Answer 12

Interior of neural tube becomes fluid-filled cerebral ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord and passages connecting them.

Question 13

8th week

Answer 13

Embryo shows beginnings of most body organs. By this time, head is half the total size of embryo

Question 14

10th week onwards

Answer 14

From this week, we start calling it a fetus. Until week 41 the fetus will undergo changes, especially when it comes to the emergence of gyri and sulci, which is done gradually

Question 15

Grey matter development

Answer 15

loss during the childhood and adolescence reflects a sculpting process of the immature brain into the fully working mature brain
o Reflects the ongoing neuronal regressive events, such as pruning and elimination of connections
o Prefrontal cortex: the neuron loss is a hormone dependent process

Question 16

White matter development

Answer 16

white matter volume increases in roughly linear pattern until young adulthood
o Reflect on ongoing myelination of axons
o Connections are being fine-tuned with the elimination of an overabundance of synapses and strengthening of relevant connections with development and experience
o Hormone independent (independent of puberty)

Question 17

Cognitive pathway development

Answer 17

supports reasoned, appropriate & deliberate decisions
o Prefrontal cortex
o Linear development extending into adulthood
o Deliberative-processing-system: not yet mature enough to compensate for heightened affective response -> creates period of vulnerability to affective inputs that encourage risky & reckless behaviour

Question 18

Affective pathway development

Answer 18

encourages affective, impulsive & reward focused decisions
o Limbic system: governs reward sensitivity and sensation seeking
o Inverted U shaped pattern of development, most dramatic during first part of adolescence
o Active-processing-system: in state of hypersensitivity due to asynchrony in structural and functional maturation of the brain

Question 19

Order of cortical area development

Answer 19

• Frist primary functions such as motor and sensory systems
• Temporal and parietal association cortices associated with basic language skills and spatial attention
• Higher order association areas, such as the prefrontal and lateral temporal cortices, which integrate primary sensorimotor processes and modulate basic attention and language processing, seem to mature last

Question 20

Interview

Answer 20

Children answer questions asked either in person or in a questionnaire

Question 21

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 21

Activities of children in everyday settings are observed

Question 22

Structured Observation

Answer 22

Children presented to prearranged tasks in lab-setting

Question 23

Correlational Design

Answer 23

Comparison of different (groups of) children and their scores on different variables

Question 24

Experimental design

Answer 24

Random assignment of children to groups & experimental control of procedure

Question 25

Cross-sectional design

Answer 25

Children of different ages are studied at a single time

Question 26

Longitudinal design

Answer 26

Children are examined repeatedly over a prolonged period of time

Question 27

Sequential design

Answer 27

Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches

Question 28

Micro-genetic design

Answer 28

Children are observed intensively over a relatively short period of time while a change is occurring

Question 29

Chemoaffinity hypothesis

Answer 29

The notion that each cell has a chemical identity that directs it to synapses on the proper target cell during development