Task 2 Flashcards
Single argument
Consists of a contention which is justified using a single premise, or undermined using a single objection/counterargument
Composite argument
If it includes more than one reason or objection
Convergent argument
Two premises supporting a conclusion separately and independently from one another
Chain of reasoning
A contention can operate as the premise for a conclusion at a higher level, this is called a chain of reasoning
Dependent premises
Arguments containing dependent premises are also called syllogisms.
Modus ponens
If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.
(Affirming the consequent)
Modus tollens
If P, then Q. Not Q.
Therefore, not P.
(Denying the consequent)
Golden rule
Argument mapping
Each single argument really consists of two or more copremises
Rabbit rule
Argument mapping
Each significant term that is part of the conclusion should also be part of one of the premises
Holding hands rule
Argument mapping
If a term forms part of one of the premises but not of the contention, it should also form part of the other premise.
Two guidelines of argument mapping
Macrostructural
1) The pyramid guideline: A well structured argument has a pyramidal shape
2) The MECE guideline: Stands for mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive
Rebuttal
There are two different kinds of rebuttals:
1) Counterargument to a premise
2) Counterargument to a conclusion
Refutation
If a counter argument itself is rejected within an argument
1) Refutation of a premise
2) Refutation of a conclusion
Non-Inferential passages
Look like arguments but are not
1) Warning
2) Piece of advice
3) Statement of belief or opinion
4) Loosely associated statements
5) Report
Conditional statements
Contain “if”, followed by the antecedent, and “then” followed by the consequent
