TASK 1 WS Flashcards
what is needed in an introduction
- Introduce your research question, what is the problem being
investigated? (This is your aim) - Describe background research – what is already known?
- State what hypothesis you drew from existing knowledge.
- Explain how your study is beneficial for the scientific community (real
life application or significance to science)
what is needed in the aim
- Independent and dependent variables
- correct language
- starts with ‘to investigate’
what is needed in hypothesis
- Independent and dependent variables
- correct language
- Follows ‘if…then’ and uses specific data
what is needed in equipment list
- all items needed for experiment
- specific details
what is needed in risk assessment
- Identifies risk
- Identifies why it’s a risk
- Identifies preventative measures
what is needed in method
- Logical, sequential
- Includes sufficient detail so that it could be replicated
- Includes a diagram
- Explains how the independent variable is manipulated for the purpose of the investigation.
- Explicitly describes how the dependent variable is measured.
- Explains how the controlled variables are managed.
what is needed in data table
- Completely ruled table
- Dependent variable and trials across columns
- Independent variable in first column
- Average
- Units in headings only
what is needed in a graph
- Labels on axes
- Units with labels
- Appropriate scale on axes
- Points plotted correctly and joined with a smooth line of best fit
- Only averages graphed
acronym for discussion
TERVI
what is needed in discussion
- Identifies trends in the result data
- Includes data in the trend identified
- Explains trends in results data using scientific reasoning.
- Discusses reliability of data collected
- Discusses validity of data collected
- Identifies improvements/changes to method
- Uses biological terminology
what is needed in conclusion
- States if hypothesis has been supported or not supported by the results data.
- Identifies if the investigation achieved the aim.
- Concluding findings
optimum temp for mammals
37
optimum temp for plants
25
what are enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They help substrates become products by lowering activation energy, which allows reactions to happen faster. They are made of proteins.
what is the area where enzymes attach temporarily called
the polypeptide chain is called the active site.
what is substrate
the reactant chemicals in which the enzyme temporarily bonds is the substrate. Enzymes are specific for a given substrate because the shape of an enzyme active site matches a substrate.
lock and key model
where the enzyme has a rigid/fixed shape that is specific to a substrate
induced fit model
more recent modification of lock and key. It proposes that an active site slightly changes its shape to accomodate the substrate perfectly
how to identify enzyme from name
usually named from their substrate suffix if ase
example of enzyme
lyases: function is catalyse reactions in which double bonds are added or removed
what is an enzyme inhibitor
enzyme inhibitors attach themselves to the enzyme and block its functioning.
what is a competitive inhibitor
block the substrate from entering the active site
what is a non competitive inhibitors
do not bind at the active site but their presence attached to another part if the enzyme still effects its functioning.
describe a graph that shows enzyme activity on substrate concentration
the graph for enzyme activity with substrate concentration shows an initial rapid increase with increeased substrate but the rate levels off at higher levels due to other limiting factors eg amount of enzyme present
describe a graph that shows enzyme activity on temperature
The graph shows an enzyme’s activity increasing with temperature up to an optimal point, after which activity rapidly declines due to enzyme denaturation.
An enzyme that has partially denatured can regain its shape yet one completely denatured cannot
describe a graph that shows enzyme activity on pH
A graph of enzyme activity against pH is typically bell-shaped, peaking at the enzyme’s optimal pH and decreasing at extreme pH levels due to denaturation.
why a change in enzyme shape causes it to denature
a change in shape increases movement, therefore temperature increases and more molecules collide, then the enzyme denatures
3 ways substances enter the cell
- passive
active - bulk
what is passive transport and eg
the movement of substances into or out of a cell without the expenditure of energy
- MOVING WITH CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
eg: facilitated diffusion and osmosis
what is active transport and eg
the movement of substances into or out of a cell requiring the expenditure of energy (in the form at ATP)
eg: proteins called pumps force molecules or ions to move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration - MOVING AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
what is bulk transport and eg
the movement of larger substances into or out of a cell
- vesicles take substance in or out. During this process the plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs the particle which is known as endocytosis
what are the 3 main types of endocytosis
- phagocytosis: if the molecule is larger eg bacteria
- pinocytosis: form around liquid or smaller particles
- receptor mediated endocytosis: molecules bind to specific receptor proteins embedded in a coated pit within the plasma membrane; when enough particles accumulate the pit deepens, seals and is incorporated into the cell as a vesicle
what is exocytosis
the opposite of endocytosis: membrane bound vesicles move to the surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then release their contents to the outside of the cell
what is a hypotonic solution
lower concentration on the outside of the cell of a molecule. Moving inside probability is greater than inside moving out
(net inflow)
what is a isotonic solution
even amounts of same concentration of particles inside and out of the cell. Same probability of moving inside and out
(no net flow)
what is a hypertonic solution
higher concentration on the outside of the cell of a molecule. Moving out probability is greater than out moving in
(net outflow)
what is diffusion
the tendency of all molecules to disperse; the net movement of gas and liquid molecules that move in random directions from high concentration to low concentration with a certain amount of kinetic energy until equilibrium is achieved.
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules from areas of high water potential to areas of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane to achieve equilibrium.
turgid v plasmolysed
turgid: water in through osmosis
plasmolysis has occurred through osmosis when water moves out
lysis
the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane
