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CELLS AS THE BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

Define prokaryotic

A

relating to cells with no membrane bound nuclei or membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Define eukaryotic

A

relating to a cell containing a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelle

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3
Q

Define cell membrane

A

a structure that surrounds and encloses a cell

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4
Q

Define cell wall

A

the rigid outer layer of a cell that gives the cell support and structure

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5
Q

Define capsule

A

the outer layer of a bacterial cell, composed of of complex carbohydrates

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6
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

the fluid part of the cell outside the nucleus

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7
Q

Define archaea

A

one of the two domain of prokaryotes, often living in extreme environments. They are structurally similar to bacteria

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8
Q

Define flagella

A

A whip like tail that provides a cell with locomotion

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9
Q

Define nucleus

A

the membrane bound structure in a cell that contains the genetic material of an organism

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10
Q

Define organelle

A

an internal structure or part of the cell that is enclosed by a membrane and has a particular function

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11
Q

Define plasmid

A

the circular ring of genetic material in a prokaryotic cell

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12
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

a very small, spherical structure found in the cytoplasm that contains both RNA and proteins, its function is to manufacture proteins required by the cell

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13
Q

Define Unicellular

A

made up of a single cell

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14
Q

Define pili

A

hair like structures on the surface of a cell

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15
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells or products of cells. The cell is the simplest unit of life. Cells are produced by existing cells.

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16
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

Composed of protein and lipid molecules, often referred to as a bi-lipid layer
- Hydrophilic heads towards cytoplasm, and hydrophobic tails inwards - this makes it fluid
- Proteins allow materials to move through and create pores, some carry substances through

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17
Q

function of cell membrane

A
  • acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm
  • interlocking surfaces bind cells together
  • selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass in and out of cells
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18
Q

cell wall structure

A
  • provides strength and support
  • some are thickened with additional chemicals
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19
Q

cell wall function

A
  • shape and support
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20
Q

vacuole structure

A
  • large permanent, fluid
  • filled sacs in the cytoplasm of mature plant cell
  • consists of a water solution called cell sap
  • surrounded by single membrane
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21
Q

vacuole function

A
  • Storage function
  • cytoplasm, provides support → fills up with water pushing outwards cell becomes rigid
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22
Q

nucleus structure

A
  • consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin and nucleoplasm
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23
Q

nucleus function

A
  • the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center
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24
Q

nucleus envelope structure

A
  • consists of 2 nuclear membranes
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25
nucleus envelope function
- barriers between the nuclear contents
26
chromatin structure
- made up of protein and nucleic acid
27
chromatin function
- to package DNA into a unit capable of fighting within the nucleus
28
nucleolus structure
- dark staining body in the nucleus
29
nucleolus function
- site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (that makes up ribosomes)
30
chloroplast structure
- organelles found only in plant cells that contain green pigment chlorophyll
31
chloroplast function
- they carry out the process of photosynthesis - this process requires carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce energy (mainly sugars) for the cell
32
centriole structure
- dense granular structure
33
centriole function
- spindle production in cell division
34
endoplasmic reticulum structure
- a network of flattened membranes
35
endoplasmic reticulum function
- used for the transport of protein
36
Rough ER structure
ribosomes attached to the surfaces giving it a rough appearance
37
Rough ER function
folds and processes proteins
38
Smooth ER structure
no ribosomes present
39
Smooth ER function
synthesises lipids for membranes
40
ribosomes structure
Found free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
41
ribosomes function
Responsible for protein synthesis necessary for the cell to function
42
golgi apparatus structure
- a network of membranes that are curved and stacked in groups of 4-10
43
golgi apparatus function
- the function is to process, package and sort cell products - vesicles can be seen budding off as proteins and continue on their final destination which can be located inside or outside the cell
44
mitochondria structure
- double membrane system
45
mitochondria function
- site of cellular respiration - responsible for producing ATP, an energy molecule so the cell can be carried out
46
lysosome structure
- sacs filled with digestive enzymes
47
lysosome function
- they break down worn out cell organelle so that the new materials can be recycled to make new organelle
48
what organelle do animal cells have that plant cells do not
- centriole - lysosomes
49
what organelle do plant cells have that animal cells do not
- cell wall - vacuole - chloroplast
50
what organelle do plant and animal cells share
* cell membrane * nucleus * cytoplasm * ribosomes * mitochondria
51
features of a eukaryotic cell
* Size 10-100 um * contains lysosomes * multicellular + unicellular * membrane bound nucleus with DNA material * membrane bound organelle * multiple linear chromosomes * reproduce with mitosis
52
example of a eukaryotic cell
plants, animals, humans
53
features of a prokaryotic cell
* Size 0*1-5.0 um * singular circular chromosome * cell wall * pili * flagella * capsule * unicellular only * reproduce with binary fusion
54
example of prokaryotic cell
bacteria + arched
55
features of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
* cytoplasm * unicellular * cell membrane * ribosomes * DNA
56
magnification and resolution of a light microscope
2000x or 1500x 200nm
57
how an image is produced by a light microscope
Light source passes through the lens onto the specimen and then passes through the convex lens. Image is then magnified through the ocular lens
58
pros and cons of a light microscope
Advantages Living and non-living species can be viewed Disadvantages The limited resolution makes it difficult to see small details
59
magnification and resolution of a fluorescent microscope
100x 180nm
60
how an image is produced by a fluorescent microscope
Specimen is labelled with a fluorescent substance then the light shines through and the fluorescent emits light thus the image is created
61
pros and cons of a fluorescent microscope
PROS: Extra features are able to be seen with high amounts of light shone through it CONS:Cells become damaged due to interaction between fluorescent dye and excitation light.
62
magnification and resolution of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)
1500000 x 2nm
63
how an image is produced by a transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Electrons transmitted pass through the specimen
64
pros and cons of transmission electron microscope (TEM)
PROS: Detailed 2D image CONS: Living tissue cannot be used due to the air interference
65
magnification and resolution of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
100000 x 20nm
66
how an image is produced by a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
The released electrons are in high amounts and thus cause the release of more electrons from specimen
67
pros and cons of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
PROS:In a SEM, electron beams bounce off surfaces and create a three-dimensional image. CONS: Living tissue cannot be used due to the air interference
68
magnification and resolution to a Confocal laser scanning microscope
150 x 25nm
69
how an image is produced by a Confocal laser scanning microscope
The laser is directed onto a pair of scanning mirrors sweeping the beam in directions of a single field of view and then moved across the entire sample to produce an image of the section
70
pros and cons of a Confocal laser scanning microscope
PROS:Much greater understanding of the cell’s structure CONS: There are a limited number of excitation wavelengths available with common lasers
71
what is lysis
when an animal cell does osmosis but it lacks a cell wall so it ruptures
72
structure of a hypothesis
"If [independent variable] increases/decreases, then [dependent variable] will increase/decrease."
73
independent variable
what you change
74
dependant variable
what you measure
75
controlled variables
what you keep the same
76
tips for method
- Logical, sequential - Includes sufficient detail so that it could be replicated - Includes a diagram - Explains how the independent variable is manipulated for the purpose of the investigation. - Explicitly describes how the dependent variable is measured. - Explains how the controlled variables are managed.
77
what to include in discussion
- Identifies trends in the result data - Includes data in the trend identified - Explains trends in results data using scientific reasoning. - Discusses reliability of data collected * Discusses validity of data collected - Identifies improvements/changes to method - Uses biological terminology
78
what to include in conclusion
States if hypothesis has been supported or not supported by the results data. - Identifies if the investigation achieved the aim. - Concluding findings

BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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