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Perception: Maastricht University > Task 1: Measuring Experiences > Flashcards

Task 1: Measuring Experiences Flashcards

Includes questions based on both textbooks, the lecture and online resources

1
Q

Detectors?

A

eyes, ears, skin receptors and nasal and mouth receptors

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2
Q

Computer?

A

brain

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3
Q

Sensation

A

ability to detect a stimulus and turn that detection into a private experience

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4
Q

Perception

A

act of giving meaning to a detected sensation

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5
Q

Name the 7 steps involved in the perceptual process

A
  1. Attended stimulus (i.e. environmental stimulus)
  2. Light is reflected and transformed
  3. Receptor processing
  4. Neural processing
  5. Perception
  6. Recognition
  7. Action
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6
Q

Name the 2 principles involved in step 1 and 2 of the perceptual process

A
  1. Principle of transformation

2. Principle of representation

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7
Q

Principle of transformation

A

= stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed between the environmental stimulus and perception

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8
Q

Principle of representation

A

= everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and on activity in the person’s nervous system

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9
Q

Name the 2 optics of the eye and their locations

A
  1. Cornea: front of eye

2. Lens: directly behind it

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10
Q

Sensory receptors

A

cells specialized to respond to environmental energy, with each sensory system’s receptors specialized to respond to a specific type of energy

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11
Q

Visual receptors respond to …

A

light

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12
Q

Auditory receptors respond to…

A

pressure changes in air

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13
Q

Touch receptors respond to …

A

pressure transmitted through the skin

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14
Q

Smell and taste receptors respond to …

A

chemicals entering the nose and mouth

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15
Q

Name the 2 receptor processes of step 3

A
  1. Transduction

2. Shape perception

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16
Q

Define transducion

A

when visual receptors of the retina receive light, they transform light energy into electrical energy, as the receptors contain a light-sensitive chemical called visual pigment which reacts to light

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17
Q

Define shape perception in relation to receptor processes

A

the way visual receptors of the retina they respond to stimuli because the ability to see dim light depends on having a high concentration of pigment in the receptors and because there are different types of pigments (some pigments respond better to light in the blue-green part of the spectrum and others respond better to the yellow-red part of the spectrum)

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18
Q

Define neural processing (step 4)

A

processing continues the process of transformation that began when the stimulus was transformed into a small image inside the eye, which was then transformed into a small image inside the eye -> electrical signals in the visual receptors

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19
Q

Electrical signals from each sense arrive at the _____ in the ____

A

primary receiving area, cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Electrical signals from each of the follow arrive at what lobe of the cerebral cortex (primary receiving are)

a. vision
b. hearing
c. skin senses

A

a. occipital lobe
b. temporal lobe
c. parietal lobe

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21
Q

What does the frontal lobe do after electrical signals reach the primary receiving area?

A

plays an important role in perceptions that involve coordination of information received through two or more senses

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22
Q

Recognition (step 6)

A

placing an object in a category, that gives it meaning

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23
Q

Visual form agnosia, give an example

A

inability to recognize objects e.g. prosopagnosia i.e. face blindess

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24
Q

Knowledge/cognitive influences on perception (step 5-6)

A

information that the perceiver brings to the situation e.g. memories, expectations etc

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25
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

(or data-based processing) is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

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26
Q

Top-down processing

A

(or knowledge-based processing) refers to processing based on knowledge.

-> As stimuli become more complex, the role of top-down processing increases

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27
Q

Name the 2 approaches to studying perception

A
  1. Psychophysical

2. Physiological

28
Q

Psychophysical approach

A

measures the relationship between the stimuli and perception

29
Q

Oblique effect

A

better detail for verticals and horizontals compared to slanted lines (stimuli)
-> brain response (physiological) was larger when detecting horizontals than slanted (perception)

30
Q

Physiological approach (2 relationships)

A

a. stimuli and physiological responses

b. physiological responses and perception

31
Q

Psychometric function

A

an inferential model applied in detection and discrimination tasks. It models the relationship between a given feature of a physical stimulus, e.g. velocity, duration, brightness, weight etc., and forced-choice responses of a human test subject.

32
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulus intensity that can just be detected e.g. for seeing light, the threshold would be the intensity at which the light can just barely be seen or hearing where the intensity of sound can barely be heard.

33
Q

How do thresholds differ?

A

e.g. damaged hearing - lower threshold

34
Q

Name 3 methods of determining the threshold

A
  1. method of limits
  2. method of adjustment
  3. method of constant stimulus
35
Q

Method of limits

A

experimenter presents stimuli in either ascending order (intensity is increased) or descending order, indicates results of an experiment that measures a person’s threshold for hearing a tone

  • > changes from hearing (Y) to not hearing (N) aka crossover point
  • > error of preservation
  • > mean of crossover point = threshold
36
Q

Method of adjustments

A

stimulus intensity is either increased or decreased until the stimulus can just be detected by the participant not by the experimenter (more accurate) e.g. turning a knob

37
Q

Advantage of method of adjustments

A

less time-consuming

38
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

experimenter presents five to nine stimuli with different intensities in random order

  • > experimenter chooses light intensities so that the lowest intensity is never detected and the highest one is always detected
  • > threshold is defined as the intensity that results in detection on 50 percent of the trials
  • > no error of preservation
39
Q

Advantage of method of constant stimuli

A

most accurate as it involes many observtions and stimuli presented in a random order which minimizzes order effect

40
Q

Adaptive testing

A

first present entire range of loudness, then only present sounds around the threshold

41
Q

Difference threshold/just noticeable difference

A

the difference required for detecting a change in weight

42
Q

Webers law

A

principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus

43
Q

Webers law formula

A 
S = DL/K
S= sensation of stimulus
DL = just noticeable difference 
L = the constant
44
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

a principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subject sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity
-> response compression

45
Q

Describe the graph of webers law

A

perfect positive correlation

46
Q

Describe the graph of fechners law

A

increase rapidly, increase slows down, levels off

47
Q

Fechener’s law formula

A

S = the psychological sensation
Log R = the logarithm of the physical stimulus level
K = the constant

48
Q

Psychophysics

A

the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events

49
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

experimenter presents ‘standard’ stimulus to the subject and assigns it a value, then presents lights of different intensities, and subject is asked to assign a number to each of these lights that is proportional to the brightness of the original light
-> number for “brightness” is the perceived magnitude

50
Q

Response compression

A

increase in perceived magnitude is smaller than the increase in stimulus intensity (light)

51
Q

Response expansion

A

intensity increased, perceptual magnitude increases more than intensity (electric shocks)

52
Q

Cross-modality matching

A

ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities; allows insight into sensory differences e.g. listener might adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the loudness of a tone

53
Q

Steven’s power law

A

relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and our perception of its magnitude

54
Q

Steven’s power law formula

A

P = KS to the power of n
P = perceived magnitude
K = constant
S = stimulus intensity raised to a power n
n tells us something about the way perceived magnitude changes as intensity increases
-> greater than 1 (response expansion)
-> less than 1 (response compression)

55
Q

What does Steven’s law take into account?

A

rating data are qualitatively different e.g. electric shock vs length

56
Q

Phenomenological method

A

person is asked to describe what he or she is perceiving or to indicate when a particular perception occurs

57
Q

Visual search

A

observer’s task is to find one stimulus among many, as quickly as possible e.g. everyday example: looking for a friends face in a crowd

58
Q

Reaction time

A

the time between presentation of the stimulus and the observer’s response to the stimulus

59
Q

Response criterion

A

o E.g. Julie’s response criterion is low (she says “yes” if there is the slightest chance a light is present), whereas Regina’s response criterion is high (she says “yes” only when she is sure that she sees the light).

60
Q

If the internal response is below criterion, the observer responds ____

A

no I hear nothing

61
Q

Name 3 ways of classifying sense other than the five

A
  1. each sensor = different sense therefor 5 senses have subcategories e.g. taste (sweet, sour etc)
  2. 3: Mechanical (touch, hearing), chemical (taste, smell), light
  3. Perceptual experience e.g. echo location
62
Q

Proprioception

A

the awareness we have of where each of our body parts is located in space - possible due to spindles

63
Q

Name 2 other potential senses

A
  1. sensation of how you body’s position was changes in relation to gravity - fluid-filled vestibular system
  2. sense providing us info about our body’s inner state e.g. hunger, need to empty bladder etc
64
Q

Electrophysiology

A

relationship between the stimulus and brain process (present a stimulus and measure brain activity e.g. have a subject click a button when they see a pear- neural firing)

65
Q

Neuropsychology

A

the relationship between brain process and stimulus (study the effects of brain damage on behaviour e.g. seeing a glove but not being able to identify it)

66
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

relationship between stimulus, brain processes and perception finish (present a stimulus and measure both brain activity and perceptual responses)

67
Q

Name 3 methods from body and behavior task 4 that can meeasure perception

A
  1. EEG
  2. fMRI
  3. TMS

Perception: Maastricht University (8 decks)

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