Task 1 measuring experience

Question 1

Eyes

Answer 1

two spherical sensors called “eyes”, which contain a light sensitive chemical, to sense light

Question 2

Ears

Answer 2

are fitted with tiny vibrating hairs so sense pressure changes in the air

Question 3

Skin

Answer 3

small pressure detectors of various shapes imbedded under the skin to sense stimuli on the skin

Question 4

Nose/mouth

Answer 4

chemical detectors detect gases that are inhaled and solids and liquids that are ingested

Question 5

vestibular

Answer 5

fluid in the inner ear that keeps the body in balance

Question 6

Absolute threshold

Answer 6

the minimum stimulus intensity of sound that can just be detected 50% of the time

Question 7

Difference threshold

Answer 7

the gap between perceiving a stimuli as different or not (for humans and weight its 2%)

Question 8

Magnitude estimation (Stevens)

Answer 8

first presents a standard stimulus and assigns a value to it. Then different strengths of the stimulus are presented to the subject and he/she assigns new values proportional to the standard value.

Question 9

response compression

Answer 9

when the increase in perceived magnitude is smaller than the increase in stimulus intensity (light)

Question 10

Response expansion

Answer 10

when the increase in perceived magnitude is larger than the increase in stimulus intensity (electro shocks)

Question 11

Response linearity

Answer 11

When the increase in perceived magnitude is the same than the increase in stimulus intensity (length of a line)

Question 12

Phenomenological method

Answer 12

o A person is asked to describe what he or she is perceiving or to indicate when a particular perception occurs
o Often used to test perception of people with brain damage

Question 13

Response criterion

Answer 13

How likely a person is to consider a stimulus as seen or not seen (e.g. somebody reports a light when he sees the slightest light and another person only reports seeing something when she is 100% sure)

Question 14

Fechners law

Answer 14

o S = k * log * r (higher stimulus higher sensation) (constant physical stimulus intensity and sensation intensity) (adjusts webers law)

Question 15

Classical psychophysical methods (Fechner)

Answer 15

 Limits: either presenting stimuli in ascending or descending order doing both several times to calculate the average threshold
 Adjustment: only increasing or decreasing and the participant can determine his threshold by himself
 Constant stimuli: five to nine different stimuli presented in random order

Question 16

Webers law

Answer 16

The webers fraction (the percentage of how much you could detect changes in a stimulus) stays the same with increasing stimulus (detectable difference fraction, power of the stimulus) (not always right)

Question 17

Stevens power law

Answer 17

P = KSn. Perceived magnitude, P, equals a constant, K, times the stimulus intensity, S, raised to a power, n (combines Fechner and Weber)
o N the way how perceived magnitude changes as intensity is increased (>1 response expansion <1 is associated with response compression)

Question 18

Psychometric

Answer 18

• is a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
• Measuring what happens in our mind

Question 19

Principle of transformation

Answer 19

stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the environmental stimulus and perception

Question 20

Principle of representation

Answer 20

everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representation of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and on activity in the persons nervous system

Question 21

Stimuli Step 1 and 2

Answer 21

o Environmental stimulus:
 the tree that the person is observing (step 1)
o the perception of the tree is based on light reflected from the tree (step 2)

Question 22

Connection between step 1 and 2

Answer 22

 The environmental stimulus is transformed into the image on the retina, and this image represents the tree in the persons eyes

Question 23

Receptor processes/Transduction (step 3)

Answer 23

o Sensory receptors: are cells specialized to respond to environmental energy, with each sensory system’s, there are different systems for different input

Question 24

Transduction

Answer 24

The change from e.g. light energy to electrical energy

Question 25

Neural processing

Answer 25

o When transduction happen thousands of visual receptors provide electrical signals to a network of neurons, first in the retina, then in the back of the eye and then in the brain
o This complex network of neurons transmits signal to and trough the brain, and changes (or processes) these signals as they are transmitted.
 Changes are created by the different routes and obstacles

Question 26

Behavioural response

Answer 26

o The person perceives the tree (step 5)
o the person recognises it (step 6)
o action (step 7)

Question 27

Bottom-up processing

Answer 27

is based on the stimulus reaching the receptors

Question 28

Top-down processing

Answer 28

refers to processing that is based on knowledge

Question 29

Psychophysical approach

Answer 29

measures the relationship between the stimuli (step 1 and 2) and the behavioural response (step 6-7) (horizontal and vertical lines resulted in better vision)
describes the similiarity between the real obstacle (physical) an you representation (psycho)

Question 30

Physiological approach

Answer 30

measuring the relationship between stimuli (1&2) and physiological response (3&4) and the relationship between physiological responses (3&4) and behavioural responses (5-7)