Task 1 - Dive right in (Overview of IM) Flashcards
Health Education
any planned combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behaviour conductive to health in individuals, groups or communities
- one of the means of achieving the goals of health promotion
planned activity stimulating learning through communication to promote healthy behaviour
-based on voluntary change - subset of health promotion
Health Promotion
any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organisational supports for actions and conditions of living conductive to the health of individuals, groups or communities
Types:
- education, resources, pricing, regulation
3 types of prevention:
- primary prevention
- early detection and treatment
- patient care and support
- forced compliance
- combination of goals and means, often through the empowerment of communities
- is the process enabling ppl to increase control over, and to improve health
Precede/Procede Model
most popular and frequently used planning model in health education & promotion
- four major phases
1. Diagnosis
2. development
3. implementation
4. evaluation
Basis for intervention mapping
logical model based on this model
Phase 1 Diagnosis
Precede/Procede Model
- conduct needs assessment (has 2 components)
- epidemiological, behavioural and social analysis of at-risk group or community & it’s problems
- assessment of the strengths & capacity of the community & its target members as a part of intervention planning
Includes following diagnoses:
- social
- epidemiological
- behavioural & environmental
- educational & organisational
- administrative & policy
Product:
- description of the problem & it’s impact on quality of life
- communities experience with potential solutions is assessed and important stakeholders are identified
Phase 2 Development
Precede/Procede Model
Define objectives for the intervention based on needs assessment
- specify changes want to accomplish individuals behaviour and environmental conditions
- identify personal and situational factors that must be changed to initiate & sustain the process of behaviour & environmental change
- acknowledges that behaviour is a function od individuals & their environment & that interventions may target not only members of at-risk population but also decision-makers in the environment
- collaborate with target groups, decision-makers & stakeholder to identify the optimal intervention for a particular problem, target population & intervention context
Phase 3 Implementation
Precede/Procede Model
- Design a strategy to facilitate the implementation of the behaviour change intervention
- theory-based strategies to facilitate program adoption by key stakeholders, to support appropriate implementation by program users, and to encourage program institutionalization by considering opportunities for incorporating the program into organisational routines
Phase 4 Evaluation
Precede/Procede Model
Evaluate the impact of intervention on
- psychosocial correlates of behaviour
- on behavioural and environmental conditions, in health
- on quality-of life
- -> preferably using experimental study design
- effect and process evaluations result in feedback & improvement of the program
Issues to consider when using precede/proceed model
- heavily data-driven
- Application may require greater financial & Human Resources, technical skill, & time than are available in some situations
- doesn’t emphasise the specifics of intervention development & methods in detail
- might be helpful to incorporate intervention mapping
Applied Social Psychology Problem-driven
- scientific activities that focus on changing or reducing a practical problem
- although theories are used, primary focus is on problem solving and the criteria for success are formulated in terms of problem reduction
- contributions to theory = useful but unnecessary side effect
- start with a thorough analysis of the problem in question, then consider multiple theoretical perspectives to find answers to this problem
- -> Intervention Mapping
Applied Social Psychology
Theory-driven
- testing theory in applied setting primarily to get insight into the validity of the theory
- practical settings merely used for testing theory
- useful in linking important theoretical developments to human behaviour outside of lab
- contributions to solving practical problems are a nice but unnecessary side effect
- practical problems are usually considered from a mono-theoretical perspective
- -> criticism
Intervention Mapping
planning protocol for the systematic development, implementation & evaluation of evidence-based behaviour change programs
- additional tool for planning and development of behaviour change programmes
Intervention Mapping Purpose
- provides program planners with a framework for effective & evidence-based decision making in each step in intervention planning, implementation & evaluation
- may improve interventions by providing more detail & guidance for the planning process and the logic of change
- helps clarify the program theory & components
Intervention Mapping Additional elements
Each Step is based on previous step - characterised by four perspectives that are applied during the entire planning process & in all steps > participation perspective > theoretical perspective > systems perspective > ecological perspective
- acknowledge that environmental conditions are determined by decision makers, or environmental agents
IM Step 1
Needs Assessment
> problem diagnosis (PATH Model should be used)
- based on analysis, should be able to define & select the goals for behaviour change
- logic model of problem
IM Step 2
Program Objectives
Ask who, what, why for individuals & environmental agents
- who is going to do what behaviours and why would they do that?
- The who, what, why are combined in separate matrices for each target group with the performance objectives corresponding to roes
- ## the end products of step 2 are matrices for each target population, listing performance objectives, determinants, and program objectives
- logic model of change
IM Step 3
Theoretical Methods & Practical Strategies
Selection go theoretical methods & practical applications
- theoretical method: technique derived from theory & research to realise a proximal program objective
- application: translation of the method to specific intervention context
- important: identify the conditions & parameters that limit the effectiveness of the theoretical model
IM Step 4
Program development
- actual design of program
- organising strategies into deliverable program taking into account target groups and settings, and producing and pretesting the materials
- need to integrate separable strategies into one coherent program
- decide on program structure, theme, & the sequence of strategies & communication vehicles
- usually collaborate with creative resources
- individual components of the intervention program should be pilot tested on their effectiveness before final production and implementation
- at end of intervention program, ready for implementation
IM Step 5
Implementation Plan
- develop a plan for the systematic implementation of the program
- solid diffusion process: vital to ensure program success
- actual effect of intervention>: merely 10% of potential effect
> develop linkage system that guarantees a continued interaction and information exchange between program developers and program users
> develop a plan for how they systematically can promote the adoption and implementation of the program by the intended program users - at end: implementation plan with performance objectives, determinants, & program objectives for program adopters & implementers
IM Step 6
Evaluation Plan
- focuses on anticipating process & effect evaluation
- list of program objectives guides the evaluation of program effects
- adequate evaluation research is based in (quasi-) experimental designs and provides planners with information on successes and failures as well as information on where planning process the failures were located, thereby indicating where improvement of the program is needed
- at the end: evaluation plan
PATH and Intervention Mapping
- both stress importance of careful problem analysis & intervention planning based on theory & empirical data
- allow users to move back & forth between different steps to adjust their work if necessary
- provide systematic, theory- & evidence-based approach to get from problem definition to problem solution
- ensures that theoretical models and empirical evidence guide planners in two areas:
1: the identification of behavioural and environmental determinants related to a target problem, and- the selection of most appropriate theoretical methods and practical applications to address the identified determinant
IM relationship to Precede/Procede Model
Intervention mapping elaborates on the program development, implementation & evaluation phase in the precede/procede model
- PATH and precede/procede model can be used in all steps of IM
IM Limiations of Modelling
Only effective when
IM Strengths
- it is one of the most comprehensive frameworks for making an intervention
- uses multiple theories
- design & implementation is very thorough (compared to behavioural change wheel)
