Task 1 chapters(1,2,6 and 7) Flashcards
Steps of the research process
1) Get an idea
2) Develop a hypothesis
3) choose an appropriate research design
4) choose subject population
5) decide on what to observe and appropriate measures
6) conduct a study to collect data
7) collect data
8) analyze data
9) disseminate the results
What is the analogy of cidalni?
- Scout the area
2. Trap-identify factors and study phenomena
What is basic research?
Investigation of issues relevant the confirmation/disconfirmation of theoretical or empirical positions
Basic. Squire general information
What is applied research?
To generate info. That can be applied directly to a real world problem —> distinction between both research’s is not always clear
Problems with internet research?
Importance of protection of privacy—> hacker?
Researchers are likely to get kicked out of a chatroom
How do we is true science?
When we use established scientific methods to acquire information/knowledge
What is scientific explanation based on?
On objective observation and logic that can be empirically tested
How do we know it is non-science?
When it applies systematic techniques to the acquisition of information but it lacks any empirical testing—> philosophy
What is pseudo-science?
Set of ideas based on theories out forth as scientific but that aren’t scientific in reality
Easy ways to recognize a pseudo science?
1having no mechanisms of self correction
2 consequent stagnation of ideas
3 impressive sounding jargon
4not falsifiable*
5disproof is ignores
6no basis in previous scientific research
7 criticizing research that doubt effectiveness
8 goal is to persuade/promote
What is a Fringe-science
On the edge between science and pseudo science g.e astrology
What is a scientific view?
Being sceptic and question everything
Scientific method
Method that scientists use to explain human Behaviour
Approach that has proven its ability to find explanations of great power and generality
What is a scientific explanation?
Explanation based on the application of scientific methods
Rules to be a scientific explanation
Empirical-based in evidence, tested/verified by others
Rational-follow rules of logic and be consistent with known facts
Testable-replicable
Parsimonious-explained with the fewest number of assumptions possible
General-broad explanatory power
Falsifiable- have the possibility to be wrong
Rigorously evaluates
What is the confirmation bias?
A human tendency to seek out information that confirms our beliefs
What are the different methods of inquiry?
1) Method of authority
Using expert sources
2) rational method
- use of pure reason Descartes
- cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I exist)
- deduction,logical reasoning
- not used to develop scientific explanations
3)scientific method—> the research process
How do we perform scientific method?
1) observe a phenomenon
2) formulate our hypothesis
3) Observe or experiment to rule out alternative explanations
4) refining and retesting explanations
What two interactions exist between data and theory?
1) Theory driven research
2) Data driven research
Characteristics of good hypothesis
Ability to account for data
Often connected with prior research
Positive-positive statement regarding the existence of something logical
Logical
Explanatory relevance—> must offer good grounds
-Testable: variables should be observable and measurable —>real situations
Capable of failing —> falsifiable
Prediction of novel events
Parsimony
What are common sense explanations?
Based on our own sense of what is true about the world around us
Based on observation of events in the real world
What are belief based explanations?
Explanations accepted because they come from a trusted source or appear to be consistent with the larger framework of belief
What are the different methods of acquiring info?
- method of authority
- The rational method
- The scientific method
What is the method of authority?
Consulting expert sources(books,people etc) that you consider authoritative on the issue in question
What is the rational method?
Is based on deductive logic: if the assumptions are true and you make no logical errors deduction guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
This method isn’t used to develop scientific explanations but helps us form ideas about the relationship between two variables ( which are usually deducted from earlier assumptions)
What are the four steps of scientific method?
1.Observing a phenomenon
2 Formulating tentative explanations
3 Further observing or experimenting
4Refining and retesting the explanations
Scientific method : Observing a phenomenon
- Cialdini called this step “scouting”
- Through the process of observation you identify variables that appear to have an important influence in your Behaviour
Scientific method: Formulating tentative explanations
1 hypothesis : statement of the relationship between two or more variables and should be testable
2 Statement of how changes in the value of one variable will affect the value of the other variable
Scientific method: Further observing or experimenting
- Cialdini called this step trapping
2. designing a research study to test the relationship that you proposed
What are the three ways to perform the cialdini proceed of trapping (observe or experiment)
1 correlations study: measure two or more variables and look at the relationship between them
2 Quasi experimental study: tale advantage of some naturally occurring event or preexisting conditions
- Experiment systematically manipulate one variable nd look for changes in another
Scientific method: Refining and retesting the explanations
1generating new, more specific hypothesis in the light of previous results
When can the scientific method go wrong?
Faulty inference: after making observations we have to infer the causes underlying a Behaviour and we could do this wrongly
Pseudoexplanations: psychologists just trying to provide explanations of Behaviour offering positions that do nothing more that labeling the Behaviour al event instead of explaining it
—> circular explanation : tautology
Characteristics of a good theory?
- Abuility to account for data
- Explanatory relevance
- Testability
- Predicts novel events
- Parsimony
What are the three different strategies one can take in testability?
Confirmational strategy: looking for confirmation
Disconfirmational strategy: whether there are outcomes not expected
Strong inference: designing experiment by specifying alternative explanations for phenomenon and research is done till only one alternative is left
What are the differences between deduction and induction?
They’re viceversa.
Deduction reasoning goes from a general statement to a more specific conclusion
Induction goes from a specific statement to a general conclusion
Both types of reasoning only work if your assumptions are 100% true!!!!
What are the differences between active and passive deception?
Actively means giving misleading information
Passively means withholding information but not actively,intentionally giving false information.
When may deception be used?
According to the APA ethical principles deception may only be used if the experimenter can justify the use of deception based on the study’s scientific education or applied value
What are some solutions to deception?
Assuming a role playing position
Obtaining prior consent to be deceived
Debriefing informing participants of the deception as soon as possible after the research as well as restoring participants trust and self esteem
What should a debriefing session include?
Full disclosure of the purposes of the experiment
Complete description of the deception used and a thorough explanation of why the deception was necessary
What is informed consent?
Informing a participant about research and obtaining consent to participate in it.
What is fraud?
Fabricating Data
Selecting only best data
Taking credit for another work
Education prevents fraud
Office of research integrity responsible for dealing with fraud cases
