Task 1

Question 1

Binkofsky methods

Answer 1

• measure: RT + errors
• conditions: conflict = different actions [calculator] / non-conflict = same actions [cup]

Question 2

Binkofski relevant concepts

Answer 2

• object affordances = potential actions individuals perceive when interacting with the environment
• use = highly skilled interactions
• grasp = basic interactions

Question 3

Binkofski results

Answer 3

• use (function based actions) = slower for conflict objects
• grasp (structure based actions) = slower ONLY for conflict objects when preceded by “use”-task
• use-then-grasp = slower –> inference with lasting representations in the ventral system

Question 4

Binkofski discussion

Answer 4

• conflict objects = grasping has a slower initiation time –> interference by preceding use task
• representations remain longer in the ventral (use) system, than in the dorsal (grasp) system

Question 5

what are structure-based activations?

Answer 5

• grasping
• fast
• degrade quickly

Question 6

what are function-based activations

Answer 6

• using
• slower
• last longer = produce interference effects in dorsal grasp system

Question 7

Binkofski brain

Answer 7

• use system
  = function-based activations
  = ventro-dorso system
• grasp system
  = structure-based activations
  = dorso-dorsal system

Question 8

Sumner methods

Answer 8

• patient CB (SMA + SEF damage)
• patient JR (SEF damage)
• prime + mask + target
• response via L/R clicks to indicate where target appeared
• measure: eye + manual response

Question 9

Sumner relevant concepts

Answer 9

• negative compatibility effect (NCE) = responses are slower for compatible than incompatible primes
• positive compatibility effect (PCE) / facilitatory priming = responses are faster for compatible than incompatible primes

Question 10

Sumner results

Answer 10

• patient CB (SMA & SEF damage): PCE occurred in both responses -> failed inhibition
• Patient JR (SEF damage): PCE occurred only in eye responses, NCE in manual responses
• Controls: NCE in both

Question 11

Sumner discussion

Answer 11

• medial frontal cortex (SMA/ SEF) show effector-specific (= eyes/ hands) automatic motor inhibition

Question 12

Sumner Brain

Answer 12

• SMA:
  > responsible for inhibition of manual movements
  > action selection (WONG) = automatic inhibition of unwanted responses
• SFA: responsible for inhibition of eye movements/ saccades

Question 13

Passingham methods

Answer 13

• fMRI
• tasks with self-generated + externally triggered action
• self-generated: initiation/ execution of a voluntary action (based on a specific cue or instruction) -> in the dark
• externally triggered: participants respond to externally presented stimuli/ cues to perform an action

Question 14

Passingham results

Answer 14

• incrased activation of (Pre) SMA during
  > self-generated movement
  > cues to perform an action

Question 15

Passingham brain

Answer 15

• MFC is involved in the generation of self-initiated actions
• MFC is engaged in evaluating and monitoring outcome of self-initiated actions
• preSMA is active during self-generated movement + evaluation

Question 16

What does the WONG scheme express?

Answer 16

• provides an organisation of the brain for voluntary action
• differentiates between WHAT (= identifying the motor goal) + HOW (=executing an action to achieve the motor goal)

Question 17

What are the components of WONG´s schema?

Answer 17

• WHAT (= selection of motor goals)
  > Task
  > Observation of Environment
  > Object selection
• HOW
  > Abstract Kinematics
  > Action selection
  > Movement specification

Question 18

What is the difference between Wong and Passingham (Wong scheme)

Answer 18

Action selection
- WONG: how process (=selection of motor goal)
- PASSINGHAM: what process (= selection of appropriate responses)

Question 19

What are the exogenous paths of action?

Answer 19

• dorsal stream (V1/V2 -> MT/ V5)
  > HOW
• ventral stream (V1/V2 -> V4)
  > WHAT

Question 19

Dorsal stream

Answer 19

• How
• mediates navigation and visual control of skilled actions (directed at objects in the real world)
• V1/V2 –> MT/V5

Question 19

ventral stream

Answer 19

• WHAT
• transforms visual inputs into representations embodying enduring characteristics of objects + their spatial relationship
• V1/V2 –> V4

Question 20

Dorso-dorsal pathway

Answer 20

• most direct visual pathway for actions associated with online actions
• ACTION: reaching towards targets with various locations in space
• V3a -> V6 -> V6a/ medial intraparietal area (MiP) -> dPMA
• involved in GRASP- SYSTEM

Question 21

Ventr-dorsal stream

Answer 21

• underlies processing of sensorimotor information (based on longer-term object use representations)
• medial temporal lobe -> inferior parietal lobe -> dPMA
• involved in Use system

Question 22

ideomotor apaxia

Answer 22

• left hemisphere, parietal cortex
• ventro-dorsal stream
• Impairment in the execution of learned motor sequences
• difficulty following complex motor commands
• patient can still perform those actions automatically/ spontaneously

Question 23

optic ataxia

Answer 23

• damage to parietal cortex
• dorso-dorsal stream
• difficulty in accurately reaching for visual targets in space despite having normal visual perception

Question 24

Alien Hand syndrome

Answer 24

• damage to corpus callosum (connecting hemispheres)
• involuntary of one hand, often accompanied by feeling that affected hand is moving out of patient´s control