Task 1 Flashcards
Cognitive load manipulation, executive functioning
Executive functioning is related to the working of the PFC - the PFC can be seen as the secretary of the working memory and executive funtioning.
It is associated with task switching, inhibition of impulses, updating of new information.
reflective impulsive model (RIM)
both systems run in parallel
the boundary conditions decide whether the one or the other system take over
the reflective impulsive model explains the dynamic in the underlying processes of self control.
It mentions three main components of self control: reflective processes, impulsive processes and a persons boundary conditions.
reflective processes refer to the deliberate choices which require effort and cognitive resources and integrate a persons attitudes, standards and expectations.
–> reflective impulses can be measured through self reports.
The impulsive processes are automatic, habitual processes which integrate attentional biases, automatic associations and approach avoidance tendencies.
The boundary conditions ( serve as moderators) refer to an individuals predispositions which are crucial in predicting whether or not a person is able to override the impulsive system and make a deliberate choice.
It entails parts like : a persons motivation to self control, self control strength, ability to inhibit impulses and working memory capacity.
changing the attentional bias
In research the attentional bias was associated with the strength of the implicit association measured in the IAT.
- as an intervention the client could be trained to direct their attention away form the potentially harmful stimulus. ( like alcohol or sweets)
behavioural schemata
- behaviour chain –> triggered by cue
mode model
basically the same as the reflective impulsive.
it states that there are two modes of thinking a deliberate and a spontaneous processing mode.
The mode model further assumes that motivation and opportunity are needed in order to engage in reflective processes. Impulsive associative processes make up a larger amount of the time.
impulsive spending
behaviour that occurs when people are depleted of their self regulatory processes and therefore more inclined to use implicit processes which are non effortfull.
approach - avoidance tendencies
those implicit automatic tendencies can be tested by for instance a joystick task. People that push away when being confronted with unhealthy food were less likely to pick unhealthy foods,
impulse
desire to override / inhibit an undesired impulse
Implicit association test
unipolar : the implicit unipolar association test a persons implicit attentional biases by measuring the differences in reaction time towards neutral and positive or neutral and negatively attributed stimuli.
bipolar: he implicit bipolar association test a persons implicit attentional biases by measuring the differences in reaction time towards negative and positively attributed stimuli.
Empirical study –> from the lecture
a study by Friese et al did support both the Mode and the RIM model.
In the study participants were seperated into two conditions. Condition 1 got a cognitive load, ( they had to keep 8 digits in mind) condition 2 did not get a cognitive load.
Afterwards the participants participated in choice task between fruit and chocolate. As well as an Implicit association test in which they were asked to label food items as either positive or negative.
In a subsequent chocolate testing it was observed how much chocolate the participants would eat.
It was found, that the condition in which the participants were manipulated with cognitive load, the implicit association test was best able to predict the subsequent eating behaviour of the participants.
In the condition without cognitive loading, the explicit measures were more predictive of the eating behaviour.
The study concludes that when people are cognitively depleted the implicit attitudes are more predictive over behaviour than the explicit ones which confirms the MODE.
boundary conditions
situational:
stress, fatigue, alcohol, ego depletion, sexual interest behaviour, time pressure, noise
dispositional: ( innate factors)
executive functioning, trait self- control
Interventions for changing the reflective and impulsive system
Changing the reflective system:
- neurofeedback for strengthening executive functioning.
- educating, providing knowledge
- vigilant monitoring
Changing the impulsive system:
- avoidance and approach joystick
- counterconditioning
pairing a new unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus.
aims to interfere in the us and CS relationship.
single IAT
IAT with several stimuli
- the presence of stimuli from two opposing categories can trigger the reflective system.
–> therefore not suitable measure
