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PSY4031 > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Descrive Darwin’s theory of child development.

A

Nature approach: innate abilities.
They originate from our ancestors & they have competitive advantages for survival

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2
Q

What research techniques did Darwin use?

A

Baby diaries
Naturalistic observation. Records of his son Dobby

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3
Q

Darwin observed his son from birth. What did he conclude about development of vision?

A

Vision is imperfect in the first 8 days. On the 9th day he observed his son following a lit candle. Colour recognition develops around 2 months. He observed his son being attracted to a bright coloured tassel at day 49.

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4
Q

What was Darwin’s account on auditory development in infants?

A

He claimed that infants below 4 months are unable to identify sound location. No eye movements towards sound was observed in his son at 124 days

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5
Q

Why did Darwin conclude that the expression of anger at two years old is only present in boys?

A

Because he observed that all of his boys expressed their anger physically (e.g. by throwing books at the offender) but none of his girls did.

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6
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Cognition develops as a result of the interactions between nature and nurture.

Children have schemas (existing knowledge of the world). When faced with new information that are similar to their schemas, children assimilate these new info. If the new info differs from their schemas then they reorganize their mental representations through accomodation.

Schemas are created through 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operation, and formal operational stage.

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7
Q

What research techniques did Piaget use?

A

Baby diaries, naturalistic observation & Clinical method

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8
Q

Describe the clinical method used by Piaget

A

When observing, a set of patterns of behaviour can be observed which leads to a certain hypothesis. This hypothesis is tested through behavioural experiments. Piaget would test his children and other people’s children shortly after the observed behaviour. e.g. the match box scenario.

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9
Q

Piaget placed a match box on the book that his child was trying to reach. What were his conclusions about perception of 10 month old infants?

A

He concluded that 10 month old infants are unable to distinguish between two objects that are touching - no dissociation.

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10
Q

List 4 advantages of naturalistic observations

A
  • Detailed qualitative data
  • High ecological validity
  • Subtle changes noted due to the intimate relationship between observer and infant
  • Observations lead to theories for systematic testing.
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11
Q

List 6 disadvantages of naturalistic observations

A
  • Time consuming,
  • Issues with bias,
  • Not generalizable,
  • Missing data,
  • Lack of control,
  • Physiological aspect cannot accounted for.
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12
Q

What are some advantages of the clinical method?

A
  • Less time consuming
  • Dev. Of theory
  • Behaviours can be evoked for observation
  • Behaviours observed were checked with tests
  • Reliable and valid
  • High control – precise/extensive instructions can be given to others to replicate.
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13
Q

List 7 common behavioural paradigms used to assess auditory and visual development in infants

A
  1. Tracking
  2. Habituation
  3. High Amplitude Sucking
  4. Preference Paradigm
  5. Conditioned Head Turning
  6. Contingency/operant learning
  7. Expectancy Violation
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14
Q

What are some weaknesses of behavioural paradigms to assess infant development?

A
  • Behavioural repetoires are restricted and ambiguous
  • Difficulties with interpretation of behavioural data obtained with infants below 5 months old because behavioural responses are inconsiderate of the infant’s immature perceptual and attention cognitive system.
  • Only surface level of information are provided; timings and locus of cognitive mechanisms cannot be determined
  • Methodological concerns: original findings cannot be replicated
  • Assessed cognitive abilities may be affected by the infants’ state (e.g. difference arousal and attention when awake)
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15
Q

List 4 structural direct measures used in infancy research

A

MRI
EEG
ERP
DTI

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16
Q

List 3 functional direct measures used in infancy research

A

FMRI
FNIRS
MEG

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17
Q

What are the uses of MRIs?

A

Determine total/regional cerebral volume at different ages
Quantitative measurements of cortical thickness

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18
Q

What are the uses of EEG?

A
  • Clinical tool for study/diagnosis of functional neurobiological pathologies (e.g. epilepsy)
  • Can be used to track the continuity of brain functions from before/after birth.
19
Q

What are the uses of ERPs?

A
  • Investigates neurocognitive development
  • Investigates “timing” of cognitive processes
  • Investigate the functional brain dev. In preterm/full term infants.
20
Q

What are the uses of DTIs?

A

Used to detect different structures (e.g. white matter – cables in network of neurons – made out of fatty matter).

21
Q

What are the uses of FMRI?

A

Determine the functions different cerebral structures – in both typically/atypically developing individuals

22
Q

What are the uses of FNIRS?

A

Measures the infant’s haemodynamic responses during cognitive tasks.

23
Q

What are the uses of MEGs?

A

Maps brain activities

24
Q

Why are F-NIRS preferred over FMRIs in infant research?

A

F-NIRS:
- are less expensive
- have higher resolution
- resistant to motion of infants
- non-invasive
- f-MRIs have ethical issues as it increases the infants’ temperature.

25
Q

Why is MEG so expensive?

A

Because it uses helium to maintain cold temperatures & helium is very costly.

26
Q

ERPs use data called amplitude. What is it?

A

Amplitude is the intensity of processing.

27
Q

One of the ERP data collected is called latency. What does it mean?

A

Latency refers to the speed of processing.

28
Q

ERPs contain negative and positive peaks. What does early & late peak components refer to?

A

Early component refers to the detection of stimuli.
Late component refers to individual’s response to stimuli from instructions.

29
Q

ERPs are commonly used to assess infants’ neural development. What are some of its advantages and disadvantages?

A

+ it is non-invasive
- it is hard to intepret
- it is not as precise as NIRS

30
Q

What are the 6 stages involved in extracting ERPs from an EEG

A
  1. Cleaning data/removing artifact (e.g. blinks)
  2. Filtering
  3. Segmenting
  4. Baseline correction
  5. Averaging trials per subject
  6. Averaging over subjects
31
Q

Describe the Odd Ball paradigm

A

Procedure: Repetitive standard stimuli with embedded rare stimuli (“deviant”).

32
Q

What are can odd ball paradigms assess?

A
  • pitch discrimination
  • phonological discrimination & learning
33
Q

What is one advantage of using the odd ball paradigm on young infants?

A

it is non-invasive and can be used even when infants are asleep

34
Q

Name two behavioural paradigms that can be used in conjunction with ERPs

A

Odd Ball
Recognition Paradigm

35
Q

What does Tracking measure?

A

Infant’s visual integrity

36
Q

Habituation paradigms have a habituation phase. How many times of exposure does it take for an infant to get habituated?

A

5-7 times

37
Q

Describe the Habituation and testing phase in habituation paradigms.

A

Habituation phase: repeated exposure to same stimuli until child loses interest

Testing phase: new stimuli is shown

38
Q

How can habituation be used to assess infants’ ability to discriminate visual stimuli?

A

Habituate them to a stimulus (e.g. red ball). Once habituated, move to the testing phase and show them a new stimulus (e.g. blue ball). Compare their looking times between old and new object.

39
Q

What do high amplitude sucking paradigms assess?

A

Infants’ ability to discriminate stimuli & their preference for stimuli.

A strong suck after new stimuli indicates preference & ability to discriminate

40
Q

Explain the preference paradigm

A

Two objects are shown side by side. Preferred object is indicated by infant’s direction of looking.

41
Q

Describe the conditioned head turning procedure

A

Conditioning: a sound is presented away from the infant’s gaze. Head turns toward the sound is accompanied by a toy near the sound source.
Testing: different sounds can be used to test sound discrimination.

42
Q

Describe the contingency/operant learning paradigm

A

Procedure:

Establish baseline
Contingency phase: action (e.g. pull ribbon) + reward (slide of baby shows & singing children)

Extinction: action + no reward. – infants increase action accompanied with negative facial expressions & increased heart rate – indicates frustration.

43
Q

Describe the expectancy violation paradigm

A

Procedure:
Learning phase: infant watch event repeatedly (e.g. object’s appearance in location).
Testing phase: change/delay in event (e.g. object appears in different location).

PSY4031 (9 decks)

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