Target Sheet Unit 2

Question 1

12th Amendment

Answer 1

The 12th Amendment, ratified in 1804, changed the way the U.S. Electoral College selects the president and vice president, requiring separate votes for each office. It was created to resolve issues from the election of 1800, where Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the electoral vote.

Question 2

Marbury vs Madison

Answer 2

Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review, giving courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional. It arose when William Marbury sued for his commission as a justice of the peace, which was withheld by President Madison.

Question 3

American System

Answer 3

The American System, proposed by Henry Clay, aimed to strengthen the U.S. economy through a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements like roads and canals.

Question 4

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Answer 4

The “Corrupt Bargain” refers to the 1824 presidential election, where John Quincy Adams was accused of winning the presidency through a deal with Henry Clay, who became Secretary of State.

Question 5

Spoils System

Answer 5

The Spoils System was a practice in which political leaders gave government jobs to supporters and friends as a reward for helping them win elections.

Question 6

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 6

The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was the first women’s rights convention in the U.S., where activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott demanded equal rights, including women’s suffrage.

Question 7

Mexican Cession

Answer 7

The Mexican Cession (1848) was the territory ceded to the U.S. by Mexico following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War.

Question 8

Worcester v Georgia

Answer 8

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) was a Supreme Court case that ruled the state of Georgia could not impose laws on Native American lands, affirming Native American sovereignty.

Question 9

Whigs

Answer 9

The Whigs were a political party in the 19th century that opposed the policies of Andrew Jackson and supported a strong Congress, internal improvements, and economic modernization.

Question 10

Impressment

Answer 10

Impressment was the practice of forcibly recruiting sailors into the British Navy, often from American ships, leading to tensions between the U.S. and Britain in the early 19th century.

Question 11

War of 1812

Answer 11

The War of 1812 was a conflict between the U.S. and Britain, driven by issues like British impressment of American sailors, trade restrictions, and British support for Native American attacks on American settlers.

Question 12

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 12

The Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) was a period of political harmony in the U.S. following the War of 1812, marked by the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party and a sense of national unity.

Question 13

Lowell Factory

Answer 13

The Lowell Factory was a textile mill in Massachusetts, known for employing young women in the 19th century under strict working conditions, and became a model for industrialized labor in America.

Question 14

Missouri Compromise

Answer 14

The Missouri Compromise (1820) was an agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery in territories north of the 36°30’ latitude line.

Question 15

Indian Removal Act

Answer 15

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Question 16

Manifest Destiny

Answer 16

Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Question 17

Mexican-American War

Answer 17

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a conflict between the U.S. and Mexico, triggered by the U.S. annexation of Texas and disputes over territorial boundaries, ending with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Question 18

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 18

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended the Mexican-American War, with Mexico ceding vast territories to the U.S., including present-day California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Question 19

Compromise of 1850*

Answer 19

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws aimed at resolving tensions between free and slave states, including admitting California as a free state and strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act.

Question 20

Fugitive Slave Act

Answer 20

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required that escaped slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were found in free states, and imposed penalties on those who aided their escape.

Question 21

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Answer 21

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) is an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the harsh realities of slavery, helping to galvanize the abolitionist movement in the U.S.

Question 22

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 22

Popular sovereignty was the political principle that allowed settlers in a territory to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery, particularly applied in the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Question 23

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 23

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide through popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery, leading to violent conflicts known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

Question 24

Free-soilers

Answer 24

Free-soilers were members of a political movement in the mid-19th century who opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories, advocating for free land and free labor.

Question 25

Republican

Answer 25

The Republican Party, founded in 1854, was an anti-slavery political party that sought to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories and promote economic modernization.

Question 26

Border Ruffians

Answer 26

Border Ruffians were pro-slavery activists from Missouri who crossed into Kansas in the mid-1800s to vote illegally and influence the outcome of elections in favor of slavery, contributing to the violence of "Bleeding Kansas."

Question 27

Bleeding Kansas

Answer 27

Bleeding Kansas refers to the violent conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas during the 1850s, as they fought over whether the state would permit slavery.

Question 28

Twenty Slave Law

Answer 28

The Twenty Slave Law, enacted in 1862, exempted from the Confederate draft any slaveowner who had 20 or more slaves, effectively sparing wealthy planters from military service while reinforcing the institution of slavery.

Question 29

Confederate States of America

Answer 29

The Confederate States of America was a group of 11 Southern states that seceded from the U.S. in 1861, forming their own government to preserve slavery and states' rights during the Civil War.

Question 30

Secession

Answer 30

Secession is the act of a state formally withdrawing from the Union, as Southern states did in the lead-up to the Civil War, starting with South Carolina in 1860.

Question 31

Fort Sumter

Answer 31

Fort Sumter was a U.S. military stronghold in South Carolina where the first shots of the Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861, after Confederate forces attacked the fort.

Question 32

Minie Ball

Answer 32

The Minie ball was a type of conical bullet used in the Civil War, designed to expand upon firing, increasing accuracy and lethality.

Question 33

Border States

Answer 33

Border states were slave states that remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War, including Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia.

Question 34

Anaconda Plan

Answer 34

The Anaconda Plan was the Union's strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports, control the Mississippi River, and isolate the Confederacy economically and geographically. Winfield Scott

Question 35

Habeas Corpus

Answer 35

Habeas Corpus is the legal principle that protects against unlawful imprisonment, requiring a person to be brought before a court to determine if their detention is lawful.

Question 36

First Battle of Bull Run

Answer 36

The First Battle of Bull Run (1861) was the first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory and dispelling any hopes for a quick Union victory.

Question 37

Battle of Antietam

Answer 37

The Battle of Antietam (1862) was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War, with over 22,000 casualties, and it ended in a tactical draw but gave President Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Question 38

freedmen

Answer 38

Freedmen were formerly enslaved individuals who were emancipated during and after the Civil War, particularly following the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865.

Question 39

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 39

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Lincoln in 1863, declared all slaves in Confederate-held territories to be free, shifting the focus of the Civil War to include the abolition of slavery.

Question 40

conscription

Answer 40

Conscription is the mandatory enlistment of individuals into military service, implemented by both the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War to meet military needs.

Question 41

Battle of Gettysburg

Answer 41

The Battle of Gettysburg (1863) was a turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a Union victory that halted the Confederate invasion of the North and led to significant casualties on both sides.

Question 42

Gettysburg Address

Answer 42

The Gettysburg Address, speach delivered by President Lincoln in 1863, honored the fallen soldiers of the Battle of Gettysburg and redefined the Civil War as a struggle for liberty and equality.

Question 43

Battle of Atlanta

Answer 43

The Battle of Atlanta (1864) was a decisive Union victory that gave the North control of a major Southern railroad hub and boosted Northern morale during the Civil War.

Question 44

13th Amendment

Answer 44

The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was a key victory in the abolitionist movement and a significant step in the Reconstruction era.

Question 45

Appomattox

Answer 45

Appomattox refers to the location where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.

Question 46

Sherman’s March

Answer 46

Sherman's March (1864) was a destructive campaign led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman through the South, aiming to break the Confederacy's will to fight by targeting military and civilian resources.

Question 47

Reconstruction

Answer 47

Reconstruction was the period (1865-1877) following the Civil War during which the U.S. attempted to rebuild the South, integrate formerly enslaved people into society, and address the political and economic challenges of the post-war nation.

Question 48

10% Plan

Answer 48

The 10% Plan, proposed by President Lincoln, offered amnesty and re-admission to the Union for Southern states if 10% of their voters swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and accepted the abolition of slavery.

Question 49

Wade Davis Bill

Answer 49

The Wade-Davis Bill (1864) was a proposal for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's white male citizens to swear loyalty to the Union and guaranteed equality for African Americans, but it was pocket-vetoed by President Lincoln.

Question 50

Freedmen’s Bureau

Answer 50

The Freedmen's Bureau, established in 1865, was a federal agency designed to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South by providing food, housing, education, and legal aid.

Question 51

14th Amendment

Answer 51

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the law. It was a crucial step in securing civil rights for African Americans after the Civil War.

Question 52

15th Amendment

Answer 52

The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, granted African American men the right to vote, prohibiting states from denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It was a significant achievement in the struggle for racial equality and suffrage.

Question 53

40 Acres & A Mule

Answer 53

"40 Acres and a Mule" was a promised land redistribution plan for formerly enslaved people, initiated during Reconstruction, which offered 40 acres of land and a mule to help them become self-sufficient, though it was largely unfulfilled.

Question 54

Compromise of 1877

Answer 54

The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election by awarding the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Question 55

Lewis & Clark

Answer 55

Lewis and Clark were explorers commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to lead the Corps of Discovery (1804-1806) on an expedition to map the western territories of the U.S. and establish relations with Native American tribes.

Question 56

James Madison

Answer 56

James Madison was the 4th President of the United States (1809-1817) and is known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his key role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Question 57

James Monroe

Answer 57

James Monroe was the 5th President of the United States (1817-1825) and is best known for the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers against interfering in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 58

Andrew Jackson

Answer 58

Andrew Jackson was the 7th President of the United States (1829-1837), known for his populist approach, the implementation of the Indian Removal Act, and his opposition to the Bank of the United States.

Question 59

Nat Turner

Answer 59

Nat Turner was an enslaved African American who led a violent rebellion in Virginia in 1831, known as Nat Turner's Rebellion, which resulted in the deaths of at least 60 white people and led to harsher laws for enslaved people.

Question 60

Henry Clay

Answer 60

Henry Clay was a prominent 19th-century American statesman and senator known for his role in brokering major compromises, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

Question 61

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 61

Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author best known for writing *Uncle Tom's Cabin*, an anti-slavery novel that helped galvanize the abolitionist movement in the 19th century.

Question 62

John Brown

Answer 62

John Brown was an abolitionist who believed in using violent means to overthrow slavery, most famously leading the raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 in an attempt to incite a slave rebellion.

Question 63

Stephen Douglass

Answer 63

Stephen Douglas was a U.S. senator from Illinois and a leading advocate for popular sovereignty, which allowed territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, notably during the debates over the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Question 64

Frederick Douglass

Answer 64

Frederick Douglass was a former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker, advocating for the end of slavery and equal rights for African Americans.

Question 65

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 65

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, best known for leading the nation through the Civil War and issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which began the process of freeing enslaved people.

Question 66

Sacagewa

Answer 66

Sacagawea was a Shoshone Native American woman who served as an interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition, helping them navigate the western territories of the United States in the early 1800s.

Question 67

Five Civilized Tribes

Answer 67

The Five Civilized Tribes refers to five Native American nations—Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole—that were considered more assimilated to European-American customs before being forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830s.

Question 68

Santa Anna

Answer 68

Antonio López de Santa Anna was a Mexican general and politician who played a central role in the Texas Revolution, famously leading Mexican forces during the Battle of the Alamo and later surrendering at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Question 69

Eli Whitney

Answer 69

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for creating the cotton gin, a device that revolutionized cotton production and intensified the demand for slave labor in the South.

Question 70

James K Polk

Answer 70

James K. Polk was the 11th president of the United States, known for expanding U.S. territory through the Mexican-American War and the annexation of Texas, as well as securing the Oregon Territory.

Question 71

Dred Scott

Answer 71

Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who sued for his freedom in the landmark 1857 Supreme Court case *Dred Scott v. Sandford*, but the Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories.

Question 72

Robert E. Lee

Answer 72

Robert E. Lee was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, best known for commanding the Army of Northern Virginia and leading Confederate forces in key battles, ultimately surrendering to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865.

Question 73

Preston Brooks

Answer 73

Preston Brooks was a South Carolina congressman who gained notoriety in 1856 for physically attacking Senator Charles Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor after Sumner made an anti-slavery speech.

Question 74

Charles Sumner

Answer 74

Charles Sumner was a Massachusetts senator and leading abolitionist who championed civil rights and the abolition of slavery, and was famously attacked by Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856.

Question 75

Jefferson Davis

Answer 75

Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, leading the South's effort to secede from the Union and maintain slavery.

Question 76

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 76

Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th president of the United States and a commanding general of the Union Army during the Civil War, leading Union forces to victory over the Confederacy.

Question 77

William Tecumseh Sherman

Answer 77

William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general during the Civil War, famous for his "March to the Sea," a devastating campaign of total war through Georgia that aimed to break the Confederacy's will to fight.

Question 78

Hiram Revels

Answer 78

Hiram Revels was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi from 1870 to 1871 during Reconstruction.

Question 79

Andrew Johnson

Answer 79

Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States, who succeeded Abraham Lincoln after his assassination, and is known for his controversial Reconstruction policies and his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868.

Question 80

Thaddeus Stevens

Answer 80

Thaddeus Stevens was a powerful Republican congressman from Pennsylvania and a leader of the Radical Republicans, advocating for the abolition of slavery and harsh Reconstruction policies toward the South.

Question 81

Scalawag

Answer 81

A scalawag was a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War, often seen as a traitor by other Southerners.

Question 82

Carpetbagger

Answer 82

A carpetbagger was a Northerner who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often perceived as seeking personal gain or exploiting the region's post-war turmoil.

Question 83

Sharecropper

Answer 83

A sharecropper was a farmer, often formerly enslaved, who worked land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crop, typically leaving them in debt and poverty.

Question 84

Rutherford B Hayes

Answer 84

Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States, best known for ending Reconstruction through the Compromise of 1877 and for his efforts to reform the civil service.

Question 85

John C Calhoun

Answer 85

John C. Calhoun was a South Carolina senator and vice president who was a staunch defender of states' rights, slavery, and nullification, advocating for the idea that states could reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Question 86

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 86

William Lloyd Garrison was an influential abolitionist and the founder of *The Liberator*, an anti-slavery newspaper that called for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and equal rights for African Americans.