Target Sheet Unit 1

Question 1

Indentured Servant

Answer 1

An indentured servant was a person who agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the American colonies, food, and shelter, often under harsh conditions.

Question 2

Mayflower Compact

Answer 2

The Mayflower Compact, signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, was an agreement to establish a self-governing colony based on majority rule, laying the foundation for democratic governance in America.

Question 3

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 3

The Salem Witch Trials, held in 1692, were a series of hearings and executions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, driven by fear, superstition, and social tensions, ultimately leading to the wrongful deaths of 20 individuals.

Question 4

Navigation Acts

Answer 4

acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.

Question 5

salutary neglect

Answer 5

The Navigation Acts were a series of British laws, starting in 1651, that restricted colonial trade to ensure that it benefited England, requiring goods to be shipped on British vessels and imposing tariffs on certain imports and exports.

Question 6

Triangle Trade

Answer 6

The Atlantic slave trade used a system of three-way transatlantic exchanges – known historically as the triangular trade – which operated between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Question 7

cash crop

Answer 7

A cash crop, also called profit crop, is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit.

Question 8

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Answer 8

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763–1766) was an uprising led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac and other Native American tribes against British rule in the Great Lakes region, following the British victory in the French and Indian War and their restrictive policies toward Native lands.

Question 9

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 9

The Proclamation of 1763 was a British law that restricted American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans.

Question 10

Stamp Act

Answer 10

The Stamp Act of 1765 was a British law that required colonists to pay a tax on printed materials, such as newspapers and legal documents, by purchasing official stamps.

Question 11

Quartering Act

Answer 11

The Quartering Act of 1765 required American colonists to provide housing and supplies to British soldiers stationed in North America.

Question 12

Boston Massacre

Answer 12

The Boston Massacre of 1770 was an incident in which British soldiers shot and killed five colonists during a confrontation in Boston, escalating tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

Question 13

Intolerable Acts

Answer 13

The Intolerable Acts of 1774 were a series of punitive laws passed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party, aimed at tightening control over the American colonies.

Question 14

1st Continental Congress

Answer 14

The First Continental Congress, held in 1774, was a meeting of colonial delegates who gathered to respond to the Intolerable Acts and to organize a unified boycott of British goods.

Question 15

Townshend Acts

Answer 15

The Townshend Acts of 1767 were a series of British laws that imposed taxes on imported goods like paper, tea, and glass, to raise revenue from the American colonies.

Question 16

Sugar Act

Answer 16

The Sugar Act of 1764 was a British law that taxed sugar, molasses, and other goods imported into the American colonies to raise revenue for Britain.

Question 17

Yorktown

Answer 17

The Battle of Yorktown, fought in 1781, was the decisive victory by American and French forces over the British, leading to the end of the American Revolutionary War.

Question 18

Minute Men

Answer 18

The Minute Men were colonial militia members ready to fight at a moment’s notice during the American Revolution, particularly in the early battles of Lexington and Concord.

Question 19

Lexington & Concord

Answer 19

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought in 1775, were the first military engagements of the American Revolution, where colonial militias clashed with British troops attempting to seize arms and arrest colonial leaders.

Question 20

Treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 20

The Treaty of Paris 1783 officially ended the American Revolutionary War, recognizing the United States’ independence and establishing new borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.

Question 21

Boston Tea Party

Answer 21

The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was a protest in which American colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor to oppose the Tea Act and British taxation.

Question 22

Tea Act

Answer 22

The Tea Act of 1773 was a British law that granted the British East India Company the exclusive right to export tea to the American colonies, leading to colonial protests like the Boston Tea Party.

Question 23

2nd Continental Congress

Answer 23

The Second Continental Congress, meeting from 1775 to 1781, managed the American war effort during the Revolutionary War, created the Continental Army, and eventually adopted the Declaration of Independence.

Question 24

Continental Army

Answer 24

The Continental Army, formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress, was the unified military force of the American colonies during the Revolutionary War, commanded by General George Washington.

Question 25

Declaration of Independence

Answer 25

The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, was a document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain, outlining their grievances and the principles of self-governance.

Question 26

Quebec Act

Answer 26

The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the boundaries of Quebec, granted religious freedom to Catholics, and allowed French civil law, which angered American colonists who saw it as an overreach of British control.

Question 27

“Taxation Without Representation”

Answer 27

"Taxation Without Representation" was a slogan used by American colonists to protest British taxes imposed on them without their consent or a direct voice in the British government.

Question 28

Constitution/Powers

Answer 28

The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1787, established the framework for the federal government, outlining the powers of the three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial—and providing a system of checks and balances.

Question 29

Bill of Rights

Answer 29

The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, consists of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial.

Question 30

Ratification

Answer 30

Ratification is the formal approval process by which the U.S. states accepted the Constitution or its amendments, with the Constitution being ratified in 1788 and the Bill of Rights in 1791.

Question 31

Washington’s Farewell Address

Answer 31

Washington's Farewell Address, delivered in 1796, advised the nation to avoid political parties, stay neutral in foreign conflicts, and cherish national unity.

Question 32

Virginia Plan

Answer 32

The Virginia Plan, proposed in 1787, suggested a strong central government with a bicameral legislature, where representation in both houses would be based on state population or wealth.

Question 33

New Jersey Plan

Answer 33

The New Jersey Plan, proposed in 1787, called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, regardless of population, to ensure smaller states had an equal voice in the government.

Question 34

First National Bank

Answer 34

The First National Bank, established in 1791, was the first federally chartered bank in the U.S., created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the nation's economy and manage its debt.

Question 35

Saratoga

Answer 35

The Battle of Saratoga, fought in 1777, was a decisive American victory during the Revolutionary War that convinced France to formally ally with the United States against Britain.

Question 36

Constitutional Convention

Answer 36

The Constitutional Convention, held in 1787 in Philadelphia, was a meeting of delegates from twelve states to draft the U.S. Constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation.

Question 37

Checks & Balances

Answer 37

Checks and balances is a system in the U.S. Constitution that ensures no one branch of government—executive, legislative, or judicial—becomes too powerful by giving each branch the ability to limit or oversee the actions of the others.

Question 38

Separation of Powers

Answer 38

Separation of powers is the division of government responsibilities into three distinct branches—executive, legislative, and judicial—to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

Question 39

Articles of Confederation

Answer 39

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, was the first constitution of the United States, creating a weak central government with limited powers, which led to challenges in governing and eventually prompted the drafting of a new Constitution.

Question 40

John Smith

Answer 40

John Smith was an English explorer and soldier who played a key role in the establishment of the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1607, famously leading the colony through its early struggles and instituting the "no work, no food" policy.

Question 41

Thomas Paine

Answer 41

Thomas Paine was an English-American political writer whose pamphlet Common Sense (1776) famously inspired American colonists to seek independence from Britain, and he also wrote The Crisis to support the Revolutionary War effort.*

Question 42

Sons of Liberty

Answer 42

The Sons of Liberty was a secret colonial organization formed in the 1760s to protest British taxation and policies, using acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party to rally colonists against British rule.

Question 43

Redcoats

Answer 43

Redcoats was a term used by American colonists to refer to British soldiers, named for their distinctive red uniforms, during the American Revolutionary War.

Question 44

Federalists

Answer 44

Federalists were supporters of the U.S. Constitution during the late 18th century, advocating for a strong central government and the ratification of the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Question 45

John Hancock

Answer 45

John Hancock was a prominent American revolutionary and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, known for his bold signature and leadership in the Continental Congress.

Question 46

Pocahontas

Answer 46

Pocahontas was a Native American woman from the Powhatan tribe who famously intervened to save English settler John Smith and later married Englishman John Rolfe, helping to establish peace between the Powhatan Confederacy and the Jamestown colony.

Question 47

George Washington

Answer 47

George Washington was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), a leading general during the American Revolutionary War, and a key figure in the founding of the nation, known for his leadership, integrity, and role in drafting the U.S. Constitution.

Question 48

John Adams

Answer 48

John Adams was the second President of the United States (1797–1801), a Founding Father, and a key advocate for independence, playing a crucial role in drafting the Declaration of Independence and in securing American victory during the Revolutionary War.

Question 49

King George

Answer 49

King George III was the King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820, whose policies and actions, particularly during the American Revolution, led to widespread colonial discontent and the eventual independence of the United States.

Question 50

Antifederalists

Answer 50

Antifederalists were opponents of the U.S. Constitution during the late 18th century, arguing that it gave too much power to the federal government at the expense of states' rights and individual freedoms.

Question 51

Paul Revere

Answer 51

Paul Revere was an American silversmith and patriot best known for his midnight ride in 1775 to warn colonial militia of the approaching British forces before the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

Question 52

King James

Answer 52

King James I of England (1566–1625) was the first monarch to rule both England and Scotland, and he is best known for commissioning the King James Bible, a widely influential English translation of the Bible.

Question 53

Iroquois Nation

Answer 53

The Iroquois Nation, also known as the Haudenosaunee or Six Nations, is a confederacy of Native American tribes—including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora—known for their sophisticated political system and role in shaping early American history.

Question 54

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 54

Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and a founding figure who championed individual rights, democratic principles, and the expansion of U.S. territory through the Louisiana Purchase.

Question 55

John Jay

Answer 55

John Jay was a Founding Father, the first Chief Justice of the United States, and one of the authors of the *Federalist Papers*, playing a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War.

Question 56

Locke/Montesquieu

Answer 56

John Locke was an English philosopher whose ideas on natural rights and the social contract influenced the development of modern democracy, while Montesquieu, a French political thinker, is best known for his theory of the separation of powers, which greatly influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Question 56

Pilgrims

Answer 56

The Pilgrims were a group of English Separatists who, seeking religious freedom, established the Plymouth Colony in 1620, marking one of the first successful English settlements in North America.

Question 57

Samuel Adams

Answer 57

Samuel Adams was an American revolutionary and political leader, known for his role in organizing resistance to British rule, including the Boston Tea Party, and for being a key figure in the founding of the United States.

Question 58

Loyalists

Answer 58

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the Revolutionary War, opposing independence and often facing persecution or exile after the war.

Question 59

James Madison

Answer 59

James Madison was the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), a Founding Father, and is often called the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Question 60

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 60

Benjamin Franklin was a Founding Father, polymath, and statesman who helped draft the Declaration of Independence, negotiated the Treaty of Paris to end the Revolutionary War, and made significant contributions to science, philosophy, and diplomacy.

Question 61

Puritans

Answer 61

Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from Catholic practices and later founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish a religiously based community.

Question 62

Patrick Henry

Answer 62

Patrick Henry was an American revolutionary and orator, best known for his "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech, which galvanized support for independence from Britain during the lead-up to the American Revolution.

Question 63

Patriots

Answer 63

Patriots were American colonists who rebelled against British rule during the Revolutionary War, supporting independence and fighting for the establishment of the United States.

Question 64

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 64

Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and a key author of the *Federalist Papers*, advocating for a strong central government and the creation of the nation's financial system.