Target Deck Flashcards
Topography:
The physical form or characteristics of the response.
History of reinforcement:
The reinforcement contingencies that an organism has been exposed to during its lifetime.
Respondent:
Refers to behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR).
Operant:
A behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence.
Response class:
All the forms of the behavior that have a similar function.
Stimulus class:
Stimuli that vary across physical dimensions but have a common effect on behavior.
Environment:
All of the events and stimuli that affect the behavior of an organism.
Context of behaviour:
All environment–behavior relationships are conditional— or depending on other circumstances.
Independent variable:
The variable that is manipulated, changed, or controlled in an experiment.
Dependent variable:
The variable that is measured in an experiment, a measure of the behavior of an organism.
Behavior maintenance
Refers to how long a new behavior persists after the original contingencies are removed
Behavioral contract
a behavioral plan of action that is negotiated between a client that objectively specifies what is expected of the person in terms of behavior and the consequences that follow
Contingency management:
uses operant principles to arrange contingencies to promote desired behavior
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
the undesirable behavior is placed on extinction while alternative behavior is reinforced
Differential reinforcement of other behaviour:
refers to reinforcement for any behavior other than a target operant
Fluency:
behavior is retained longer, persist during long periods o the task, is less affected by distractions, is more likely to be available in new learning situations
Internal validity:
changes in the dependent variable may be reasonable attributed to changes in the independent variable
Multiple baseline designs:
a class of research designs used primarily in applied behavior analysis
Reliability of observation:
involves the amount of agreement among observers who independently record the same behavior
Response generalization:
occurs when a target response is strengthened and other similar responses increase in frequency
Reinstatement (of behavior).
The recovery of behavior when the reinforcer is presented alone (response independent) after a period of extinction.
Contingency of reinforcement.
A definition of the relationship between the occasion, the operant class, and the consequences that follow the behavior.
Differential reinforcement.
In discrimination procedures, differential reinforcement involves reinforcement of an operant in the presence of one stimulus (SD) but not in the presence of other stimuli/settings (SΔ). The organism comes to emit the operant when the SD is presented and not emit the operant in its absence/presence of the SΔ .
Extinction (behavioral process).
A decline in the frequency of the operant when there is a break in the contingency between an operant and its consequence
Partial reinforcement effect.
Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedules generate greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement (CRF).
Extinction (procedure).
The breaking of the contingency between an operant and its consequence.
Negative punishment.
The removal of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions
Positive punishment.
The addition of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions
Negative reinforcement.
The removal of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions
Positive Reinforcement.
The addition of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions
Assumption of generality
The effects of contingencies of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement, and behavior.
Breakpoint
The highest ratio value completed on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.
Continuous reinforcement (CRF).
When each response produces reinforcement
Interreinforcement interval (IRI).
The time between any two reinforcers.
Interresponse time (IRT).
The time between any two responses
Resurgence.
After a period of reinforcement, the increase in behavioral variability or topography during extinction.
Steady-state performance
Schedule-controlled behavior that is stable and does not change over time.
Aversive stimulus.
An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids.
Discriminated avoidance.
Behavior that is emitted to a warning stimulus.
External validity.
The extent to which experimental findings generalize to other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations—
Learned helplessness.
Exposing an animal to inescapable and severe aversive stimulation (shocks). Eventually the animal gives up and stops attempting to avoid or escape the situation.
Reflective aggression.
Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive unconditioned stimulus or event.
Punisher.
A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it.
Nondiscriminated avoidance.
A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented
