Target Deck

Question 1

Topography:

Answer 1

The physical form or characteristics of the response.

Question 2

History of reinforcement:

Answer 2

The reinforcement contingencies that an organism has been exposed to during its lifetime.

Question 3

Respondent:

Answer 3

Refers to behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR).

Question 4

Operant:

Answer 4

A behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence.

Question 5

Response class:

Answer 5

All the forms of the behavior that have a similar function.

Question 6

Stimulus class:

Answer 6

Stimuli that vary across physical dimensions but have a common effect on behavior.

Question 7

Environment:

Answer 7

All of the events and stimuli that affect the behavior of an organism.

Question 8

Context of behaviour:

Answer 8

All environment–behavior relationships are conditional— or depending on other circumstances.

Question 9

Independent variable:

Answer 9

The variable that is manipulated, changed, or controlled in an experiment.

Question 10

Dependent variable:

Answer 10

The variable that is measured in an experiment, a measure of the behavior of an organism.

Question 11

Behavior maintenance

Answer 11

Refers to how long a new behavior persists after the original contingencies are removed

Question 12

Behavioral contract

Answer 12

a behavioral plan of action that is negotiated between a client that objectively specifies what is expected of the person in terms of behavior and the consequences that follow

Question 13

Contingency management:

Answer 13

uses operant principles to arrange contingencies to promote desired behavior

Question 14

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

Answer 14

the undesirable behavior is placed on extinction while alternative behavior is reinforced

Question 15

Differential reinforcement of other behaviour:

Answer 15

refers to reinforcement for any behavior other than a target operant

Question 16

Fluency:

Answer 16

behavior is retained longer, persist during long periods o the task, is less affected by distractions, is more likely to be available in new learning situations

Question 17

Internal validity:

Answer 17

changes in the dependent variable may be reasonable attributed to changes in the independent variable

Question 18

Multiple baseline designs:

Answer 18

a class of research designs used primarily in applied behavior analysis

Question 19

Reliability of observation:

Answer 19

involves the amount of agreement among observers who independently record the same behavior

Question 20

Response generalization:

Answer 20

occurs when a target response is strengthened and other similar responses increase in frequency

Question 21

Reinstatement (of behavior).

Answer 21

The recovery of behavior when the reinforcer is presented alone (response independent) after a period of extinction.

Question 22

Contingency of reinforcement.

Answer 22

A definition of the relationship between the occasion, the operant class, and the consequences that follow the behavior.

Question 23

Differential reinforcement.

Answer 23

In discrimination procedures, differential reinforcement involves reinforcement of an operant in the presence of one stimulus (SD) but not in the presence of other stimuli/settings (SΔ). The organism comes to emit the operant when the SD is presented and not emit the operant in its absence/presence of the SΔ .

Question 24

Extinction (behavioral process).

Answer 24

A decline in the frequency of the operant when there is a break in the contingency between an operant and its consequence

Question 25

Partial reinforcement effect.

Answer 25

Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedules generate greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement (CRF).

Question 26

Extinction (procedure).

Answer 26

The breaking of the contingency between an operant and its consequence.

Question 27

Negative punishment.

Answer 27

The removal of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 28

Positive punishment.

Answer 28

The addition of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 29

Negative reinforcement.

Answer 29

The removal of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 30

Positive Reinforcement.

Answer 30

The addition of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 31

Assumption of generality

Answer 31

The effects of contingencies of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement, and behavior.

Question 32

Breakpoint

Answer 32

The highest ratio value completed on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.

Question 33

Continuous reinforcement (CRF).

Answer 33

When each response produces reinforcement

Question 34

Interreinforcement interval (IRI).

Answer 34

The time between any two reinforcers.

Question 35

Interresponse time (IRT).

Answer 35

The time between any two responses

Question 36

Resurgence.

Answer 36

After a period of reinforcement, the increase in behavioral variability or topography during extinction.

Question 37

Steady-state performance

Answer 37

Schedule-controlled behavior that is stable and does not change over time.

Question 38

Aversive stimulus.

Answer 38

An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids.

Question 39

Discriminated avoidance.

Answer 39

Behavior that is emitted to a warning stimulus.

Question 40

External validity.

Answer 40

The extent to which experimental findings generalize to other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations—

Question 41

Learned helplessness.

Answer 41

Exposing an animal to inescapable and severe aversive stimulation (shocks). Eventually the animal gives up and stops attempting to avoid or escape the situation.

Question 42

Reflective aggression.

Answer 42

Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive unconditioned stimulus or event.

Question 43

Punisher.

Answer 43

A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it.

Question 44

Nondiscriminated avoidance.

Answer 44

A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented