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Micro 5 > Tapeworm and Fluke Inf of GI > Flashcards

Tapeworm and Fluke Inf of GI Flashcards

1
Q

related to swine and only cilliated GI parasite?

A

balantidium

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2
Q

Helminths

A 
=WORMS
-Nematodes – roundworms
	Non-segmented bodies
	Separate sexes	
	Complete digestive system
-Cestodes – tapeworms
	Segmented bodies
	Hermaphroditic
	Absorb nutrients 
-Trematodes – flukes
	Non-segmented (leaf)
	Hermaphroditic
	Primitive gut
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3
Q

Three basic structures of adult Tapeworms

A
  • Scolex: the rounded head of the worm, usually armed with hooks and / or suckers
  • “Neck”: the area from which new body segments are generated.
  • Body (strobila): a long segmented structure. Individual segments are called proglottids.
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4
Q

Cestodes facts w/ humans?

A

1.) Humans are the definitive host (REPRODUCTION HAPPENS IN HUMANS)
adult tapeworms residing in the GI tract.
-Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
-Taenia solium (pig tapeworm)
-Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
2.) Humans are an intermediate host
larval stages present in various tissues.
-Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)
-Taenia solium (pig tapeworm)

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5
Q

beef tapeworm??

A

Taenia saginata

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6
Q

dog tapeworm?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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7
Q

pig tapeworm?

A

Taenia solium

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8
Q

pig tapeworm?

A

Taenia solium

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9
Q

fish tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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10
Q

Taenia saginata how do you get it? Lifecycle?

A
  • get it from eating beef
    1) infeted host has adults in body = production of eggs
    2) Proglottids or eggs passed in feces
    3) Feces used as fertilizer or something
    4) cows eat grass from said area…
    5) Eggs get into cattle intestines and penetrate through GI into muscles
    6) Eat poorly cooked beef - get cysticerci–> becomes scolex that attaches to intestinal wall

-Usually infected with single adult worm that gets fricking huge

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11
Q

Taenia saginata transmission:

A

ingestion of undercooked beef containing encysted larvae (cysticerci).

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12
Q

Taenia saginata - symptomology

A

generally asymptomatic; mild abdominal pain, feeling of fullness.
-occasional Gi disturbance/ diarrhea

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13
Q

Taenia saginata - diagnosis and control/prevention

A

-Diagnosis – identification of proglottids or eggs passed by infected individual.

-Control / Prevention
Prevent cattle from becoming infected.
Eliminated their contact with human feces.
Prevent human infection by cooking meat thoroughly.

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14
Q

Taenia solium - get it how? Life cycle?

A
  • Eating Pork Tapeworm
    1) infeted host has adults in body = production of eggs
    2) Proglottids or eggs passed in feces
    3) Feces used as fertilizer or something
    4) cows eat grass from said area…
    5) Pigget into cattle intestines and penetrate through GI into muscles
    6) Eat poorly cooked pork- get cysticerci–> becomes scolex that attaches to intestinal wall

OR humans can serve as intermediate host: if passing eggs in feces and isnt very hygenic –> they can then end up getting cysticercus into eyes brain lungs

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15
Q

Taenia saginata VS Taenia solium

A

saginata has suckers and solium has suckers and hooks

solium is less common

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16
Q

Taenia solium - transmission

A

ingestion of undercooked pork containing cysts results in intestinal disease. Ingestion of embryonated eggs results in extra-intestinal disease (cysticercosis).

17
Q

Taenia solium - Extra-intestinal infection:

A

-Ingested eggs hatch in intestine and release infectious larvae which enter the circulation and travel to various body sites where they encyst.
-Cysticercus creates a space filling lesion and induces localized inflammation.
Location and size determines pathology
Striated muscle, heart, brain, eyes.
-Neurocysticercosis-severe complication. Seizure and neurological defects.
Approximately 2000 cases of neurocysticercosis in the U.S. annually

18
Q

Taenia solium - diagnosis and Prevention/Control

A

-Diagnosis:
Intestinal infection: proglottids or eggs in stool.
Extra-intestinal: CT scan, MRI. Serology
-Prevention / Control
Keep pigs away from human feces
Cook pork thoroughly

19
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - from where and lifecycle?

A

-Fish Tapeworm
1) infeted host has adults in body = production of eggs
2) Proglottids or eggs passed in feces –> EGGS NEED TO GET IN WATER
3) eggs hatch in the water
4) larvae eaten by small crustaceans
5) crustaceans eaten by fish ==> into GI tract= intestines and penetrate through GI into muscles
6) Eat poorly cooked beef - get cysticerci–> becomes scolex that attaches to intestinal wall
(TWO INTERMEDIATE HOSTS)

20
Q

largest tapeworm that infects man?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

21
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - transmission and location?

A
  • ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing infectious larvae.
  • Infected fish can be found in fresh water lakes in Minnesota, Michigan, Florida and California.
22
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - symptoms?

A
  • asymptomatic or mild
  • Transient nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc.
  • Infection with multiple worms can cause intestinal obstruction
  • 2% of patients develop macrocytic anemia==Vitamin B12 deficiency
23
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum- diagnosis and control/Prevention

A

-Diagnosis : eggs in stool
-Control / Prevention :
Limit exposure of fish to human feces
Cook fish adequately

24
Q

Echinococcus granulosus get it how? lifecycle?

A
  • dog tapeworm - not from eating dog – humans are intermediate/accidental host. == HUMANS DO NOT SHED IT IN POOP- ITS ONLY IN TISSUES
  • disease occurs where livestock are raised: Alaska, Cali, Utah, Ariz, New Mexico
    1) dogs pass eggs in poop
    2) animals graze in areas where dogs pooped
    3) larvae in those animals
    4) another dog/animal will eat those animals and get the tapeworm

HUMANS CAN PLAY THE ROLE OF THE SHEEP. GET IT IN THE LIVER AND THE LUNGS Humans are an accidental host.

25
Q

Taenia vs Diphyllobothrium

A

taenia is infection by only ONE worm

Diph is infection by many

26
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - transmission:

A
  • Acquired through exposure to dog feces.

- Ingestion of eggs

27
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - some more lifecycle again?

A
  • Ingested eggs hatch in the intestine, releasing larvae which travel via the bloodstream to multiple body sites. In the tissue, larvae secrete a hyaline membrane. Over time a fluid filled cyst forms (hydatid cyst).
  • Cysts frequently form in the liver, lung, brain, bone marrow
  • Signs and symptoms of disease depend on location of cysts.
  • Ruptured cysts release large amounts of antigen, and can induce an anaphylactic response.
28
Q

infection where cyst forms due to parasite?

A

Echinococcus granulosus - hydatid cyst - hyaline membrane that larvae of this organism secrete after moving into tissues

29
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - diagnosis

A

-Diagnosis: Presence of cyst, and history consistent with exposure.

SURGICAL INTERVENTION MAY BE NEEDED

30
Q

Trematodes - Flukes – some info

A
  • Humans are the definitive host.
  • Fresh water snails serve as intermediate hosts.
  • Larval forms released from snails encyst on fish, shellfish, or vegetation, and are acquired by ingestion.
31
Q

Trematodes - Flukes - organism details

A
  • flatworms
  • ONLY ONE BODY SEGMENT
  • small
  • lifecycle involves water or snails
32
Q

Fasciolopsis buski - intestinal fluke - lifecycle:

A

1) infected indib passing eggs in poop
2) eggs need to get into water, hatch into larvae, and INFECT SNAIL
3) releases a new form into the water that swims around
4) attach to freshwater vegetables
5) human eats
6) attach to small intestines -In the small intestine the cercariae excyst, attach to the columnar epithelium and mature to egg laying adults (hermaphroditic).
7) egg production

33
Q

Fasciolopsis buski - where found? what animals?

A
  • Found throughout China, South East Asia, and India.

- Pigs, dogs, and rabbits serve as reservoirs.

34
Q

Fasciolopsis buski - light vs heavy infection symptoms:

A
  • Light infection (single worm): Focal inflammation, intermittent diarrhea.
  • Heavy infection (multiple worms): Continuous diarrhea, intestinal hemorrhage, ulceration, abscess formation.
35
Q

Fasciolopsis buski - diagnosis and prevention:

A

-Diagnosed by the presence of eggs in stool.
Prevention
-Control snail populations, improved sanitation, restrict harvesting of aquatic plants from contaminated areas.

36
Q

Liver Flukes - 2 types:

A
  • Fasciola hepatica

- Clonorchis sinensis

37
Q

Liver Flukes lifecycle:

A
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Clonorchis sinensis
    1) adults in bile duct of affected individual
    2) eggs into intestines –> feces –> water
    3) hatching into larvae –> need to find snail
    4) a) Fasciola hepatica - new larvae released attach to plants that we eat
    b) Clonorchis sinensis - new larvae attach to fish that we eat
38
Q

F. hepatica- details/diagnosis:

A
  • Parasite of sheep, cattle, and humans.
  • World wide distribution, including southeastern United States.
  • Acquire through ingestion of aquatic plants.
  • Migration through liver may induce liver tenderness and hepatomegaly. Fever and eosinophilia are common. Biliary obstruction may occur (jaundice).
  • Diagnosis eggs in feces.
  • Control snail populations, improved sanitation, restrict harvesting of aquatic plants from contaminated areas.
39
Q

Opisthorchis (Clonorchis) sinensis - details/symptoms/consequences

A
  • Endemic throughout Asia. Estimated that as many as 25% of Chinese immigrant to the US are infected.***
  • Acquired by the ingestion of under prepared fresh water fish with attached encysted cercariae.
  • Light infections are asymptomatic.
  • heavy infections may result in biliary obstruction, jaundice, hepatitis, hepatomegaly, and gallstones.
  • Heavily infected individuals are 10-15 X more likely to develop bile duct cancer.***

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