TAP Flashcards
1
Q
4 functional activities of bony vertebral column
A
- posture
- site for mm attachment
- protective
- supportive: skill and upper limb
2
Q
cervical vertebrae characteristics
A
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- transverse foramen
- bi-phid spinous process
- c7 = vertebral process = boney landmark on back of neck
3
Q
thoracic vertebrae characteristics
A
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- costal facets
4
Q
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
A
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- larger vertebral bodies
5
Q
sacrum vertebrae characteristics
A
- 5 fused vertebrae
- sacral foramina (anterior and posterior spinal nerves)
6
Q
movements of the vertebral column
A
- flexion(move anterior)/extension(move posterior)
- rotation
- lateral flexion (penguin)
7
Q
what are the 2 types of articulations(joints) between adjacent vertebra?
A
- between adjacent superior and inferior articulating processes = synovial joints (plane/gliding joints)
- between intervertebral disks and vertebral bodies = cartilaginous articulation (slightly moveable)
8
Q
C1–> skull articulation
A
atlanto-occipital joint:
- C1 = atlas bone, doesn’t have full body; ring like shape
- synovial hinge joint (yes joint)
9
Q
C1 –> C2
A
atlanto-axial joint
- synovial pivot joint (no joint)
- C2 = axis
- C2 has dens instead of body
- Dens = toothlike projection into C1
10
Q
sacroiliac joint
A
- synovial joint (not a lot of movement due to sacroiliac lig.)
- important for weight distributions
11
Q
where are the curvatures on the back and what do they do
A
- cervical: supports/holds head(curves anteriorly)
- thoracic: makes room for thoracic organs (curve posteriorly)
- lumbar: bring the legs under the abdomen (curves anterior)
- sacral: make room for pelvic/reproductive organs (curves posteriorly)
12
Q
scoliosis
A
abnormal lateral (usually thoracic) curvature
13
Q
kyphosis
A
exaggerated thoracic curvature (usually in older women)
14
Q
lordosis
A
exaggerated lumbar curvature (beer belly/pregnancy)
15
Q
anterior longitudinal ligament
A
sacrum to skull ANTERIOR SIDE
- broad ligament
- limits extension of vertebral column
16
Q
posterior longitudinal ligament
A
sacrum to skull POSTERIOR
- narrow ligament
- limits flexion of the vertebral column
17
Q
interspinous ligaments
A
- not continuous
- btwn adjacent spinous processes
- limits flexion
18
Q
supraspinous ligament
A
- continuous: from sacrum –> skull
- limits flexion
- becomes nucal ligament in cervical vertebrae
19
Q
ligamentum flavum
A
- between adjacent laminae
- limits flexion
20
Q
intervertebral disk anatomy
A
discs: circular-shaped (cartilaginous) between adjacent bodies
- annulus fibrosis: outer layer
- nucleus pulposus: inner jelly-like region
21
Q
what does herniated disc mean?
A
- occurs when excessive flexion (especially lumbar region) puts pressure on the superior anterior body
- almost always in the posterior and lateral direction.
- affects the next lowest spinal nerve
22
Q
Extrinsic back mm
A
- start in back and go somewhere else
- inn: named nerves (ventral/anterior rami)
23
Q
intrinsic back mm
A
“true” back mm
ALL:
INN: dorsal/posterior rami
FXN: stabilize vertebral column
24
Q
what are the attachments of splenius m.?
A
superficial back m.
Prox: spinous process in thoracic vertebrae
Distal: transverse process in cervical vertebrae
25
what is the action of splenius m?
Bilateral: extend neck
Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation of the neck
26
what are the three muscles of the erector spinae muscle group?
intermediate back mm
1. Longissimus m: sacrum -> transverse process -> t.p -> t.p...
2. iliostalis m: sacrum-> rib -> rib -> rib....
3. spinalis m: sacrum -> spinous process -> s.p -> s.p
- all continuous from sacrum to skull
27
what are the actions of the erector spinae muscle group?
bilateral: extend trunk
unilateral: lateral flexion of trunk
28
what are the attachments of the transversospinalis mm?
deep muscle group
prox: transverse process
distal: spinous process
29
what are the actions of transversospinalis mm?
bilateral: extend trunk
unilateral: rotation
30
what is the function of transversospinalis mm?
support vertebral column
31
what are the functions of the spinal cord?
1. sensory relay: periphery(sensory) -> spinal cord -> brain
2. motor outflow: from CNS to PNS, lower motor neurons final way for CNS to communicate with mm.
32
what are reflexes?
stereotyped motor event to a sensory stimulus
33
how many spinal cord segments are there and what categories?
31 total:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1-3 coccygeal
34
what are the enlargements of the spinal cord?
cervical: cell bodies that supply mm in the upper limb and brachial plexus
lumbar: supply for lumbosacral plexus/lower limb
35
where does the spinal cord end?
at boney level L2
called conus metularis (cone shape)
36
what are spinal nerves inferior to L2 called?
cauda equina (look like horses tail)
37
what are the three meningeal layers?
1. Dura mater "strong mother"
2. Arachnoid mater: weblike structure
2a: arachnoid trabeculations
3. Pia mater: "delicate mother" vascular layer
38
what is the function of the meninges?
- connective tissue surrounding the CNS
- structure and support for CNS
39
what are the three spaces in the meningeal layers?
1. subarachnoid space: REAL SPACE
- btwn pia mater and arachnoid mater
- where CSF is in CNS
2. epidural space: REAL SPACE
- btwn dura mater and spinous process of vertebra (posterior)
- filled with fat and venous plexus
3. Subdural space: POTENTIAL SPACE
- bad if things get in here
40
what are the two specializations of pia mater?
1. Filum terminale: comes off the conus metullaris
2. Denticulate ligaments: triangle like projections off of S.C
- anchor spinal cord laterally
41
where is the lumbar cistern and why is it important?
- enlargement of subarachnoid space
- located L2-S1 vertebra
- region for lumbar puncture (sticking a needle into a bowl of spaghetti instead of a hot dog)
42
INTERNAL SC ANATOMY: what is gray matter and where is it located in the spinal cord?
cell bodies
- posterior/dorsal horn: interneuron cell bodies
- anterior/ventral horn: lower motor neuron cell bodies
[T1-L2] lateral horn: cell bodies of autonomic nervous system = SANS
43
INTERNAL SC ANATOMY: what is white matter and where is it located in the spinal cord?
cell processes(axons), surrounded by myelin
- cell process in CNS = tracts
- cell process in PNS = nerves (outside SC)
44
what are the three types of tracts in CNS?
tracts = cell process/white matter in CNS
1. Long ascending fibers: up spinal cord -> brain
2. Long descending fibers: cortex -> down the spinal cord
3. propriospinal: modulate reflexes via interneuron fibers
45
what are the boundaries of the thoracic wall?
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Inferior
Superior
Anterior: sternum, costal cartilage
Posterior: 12 thoracic vertebra + ribs
Lateral: ribs
Inferior: respiratory diaphragm m.
Superior: thoracic inlet: manubrium, 1st rib, 1st thoracic vertebra
46
what is the function of the thoracic wall?
- protective of thoracic viscera
- supportive of UL structures
- involved in respiration
47
What is the arterial blood supply of the thoracic wall?
internal thoracic a. -> anterior intercostal a.
aorta -> posterior intercostal aa.
**anastomoses btwn post and ant intercostal aa**
48
what is the venous drainage of the thoracic wall?
anterior intercostal v --> internal thoracic v.
posterior intercostal v. --> azygos v --> superior vena cava
**anastomoses btwn post and ant intercostal vv**
49
what nerves innervate the thoracic wall?
intercostal n: (goes posterior and anterior) made of ventral rami
neurovascular bundle: structures off of inferior rib (costal groove bony landmark)
50
what are the three sections of the thoracic cavity?
1. right pulmonary cavity(right lung)
2. mediastinum (heart, azygous v, thymus, trachea, esophagus, sympathetic trunk, vagus nn)
3. Left pulmonary cavity (left lung)
51
external intercostal mm.
a:
b:
inn:
ax:
a: lower border of rib
b: superior border of rib
inn: intercostal nn
ax: elevates ribs
striation out to in
52
Internal intercostal mm.
a:
b:
inn:
ax:
a: lateral edge of costal groove
b: superior surface below rib
inn: intercostal nn.
ax: depress ribcage
striation: in to out
53
transversus thoracis m.
a:
b:
inn:
ax:
a: posterior surface of inferior sternum
b: internal surface of ribs 2-6
inn: intercostal nn.
ax: depress ribs
54
Respiratory diaphragm m.
a:
b:
inn:
ax:
- dome-shaped at rest
a: posterior xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, and vertebrae L1-L3
b: central tendon of respiratory diaphragm
inn: phrenic nn = C3, C4, C5 "keep resp. diaphragm alive"
ax: depress costal cartilages and respiration
- 60% of quiet breathing
55
how many lobes are in the R/L lungs?
right lung: 3 lobes
left lung: 2 lobes
56
describe the serous lining of the thorax and lungs
Deep-> Superficial
1. Visceral Pleura: serous membrane on lung
2. Parietal pleura: serous membrane on the thoracic wall
57
what is the pleural cavity?
- Space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura of the lung.
- Serous fluid held inside, to increase surface tension while breathing
58
what is respiration?
a passive process that creates a vacuum to draw air in.
- as volume increases, pressure decreases
- enlarges thoracic cavity
59
how does the thoracic cavity move during respiration?
- inc volume = transversely moves ribs
- inc volume = ant <--> post move ribs
- inc volume = inf<---> sup move respiratory diaphragm
60
what shape is the respiratory diaphragm m during rest? what about during contraction?
dome shaped, as it contracts it flattens
61
what passes through the central tendon of the respiratory diaphragm m?
- aorta
- inf. vena cava
- esophagus
- sympathetic trunk
- greater splanchnic n.
- vagus n.
**anything that needs to travel inferiorly**
62
what are the three layers of pericardium around the heart?
deep --> sup
1. visceral pericardium (adherent to myocardium)
2. parietal pericardium
3. Fibrous pericardium
- NOT a serous membrane
- thick connective tissue
- helps anchor the heart to
respiratory diaphragm inferiorly and
the sternum superiorly
63
pulmonary valve
- semilunar valve
- between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk a.
63
where is the pericardial cavity and what is in it?
between the visceral and parietal pericardium of the heart
- serous fluid= ONLY THING IN THERE
64
what does pericardium help with?
serous membrane that decreases friction
65
explain the process of airflow into the lungs
1. Trachea
2. Primary bronchi (C-shaped cartilage: right and left) (right bronchi more aligned with gravity)
3. Secondary, tertiary and quaternary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segments: have own blood supply and can be removed)
4. Bronchioles(no cartilage)
5. Alveoli (gas exhange)
66
what is pleura?
- serous membrane
- decreases friction
- increases surface tension
67
what muscles are used in respiration?
1. intercostal muscles
2. upper limb muscles
3. respiratory diaphragm (60% of quiet breathing)
68
explain the process of blood flow through the heart to the lungs
1. L/R subclavian veins (bring blood from UL)
2. L/R Internal jugular veins(bring blood from head/neck)
3. L/R brachiocephalic veins
4. Superior vena cava vein (bring blood from UL)
5. Inferior vena cava (bring blood from LL)
6. Right atrium (right atrioventricular valve)
7. Right ventricle
8. Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve: attaches right ventricle to pulmonary trunk)
9. Pulmonary trunk artery
10. Pulmonary arteries (low O2 blood to lungs)
69
explain the structure of the R/L atrioventricular valves
1. papillary muscles
2. Chordae tendineae (anchoring leaflets to valve)
70
explain the process of blood flowing from the lungs to the heart
1. pulmonary veins (high O2 blood from lungs to left atrium)
2. left atrium (left atrioventricular valve)
3. left ventricle (receives blood from left atrium)
4. aortic valve (semilunar valve)
5. ascending aorta -> [arch of aorta -> descending aorta -> thoracic aorta -> (go thro respiratory diaphragm m) -> abdominal aorta]
6. brachiocephalic trunk artery
7. R subclavian artery (right UL)
8. R common carotid artery (head and neck)
9. L common carotid artery (head and neck)
10. L subclavia artery (left UL)
71
aortic valve
- semilunar valve
- residual blood helps close the valve
- between left ventricle and aorta
72
what supplies the myocardium (heart muscle itself)?
coronary arteries
73
list the left coronary a. and its branches
Left Coronary a(exists briefly before it splits into its branches)
- anterior interventricular branch of LCA
- circumflex branch of LCA
74
list the right coronary a and its branches
Right Coronary a
- marginal branch of RCA
- posterior interventricular branch of RAC
- determines heart dominance of 70% of
ppl
75
10% of people have what type of heart?
- co-dominant
- half comes from LCA and half comes from RCA
- most advantageous
76
20% of people have what type of heart
- left dominant
- posterior interventricular a. comes from the circumflex branch of LCA
- widow maker
- less advantageous
77
70% of people have what kind of heart?
- right dominant
- posterior intraventricular branch comes from RCA
78
anastomoses of the heart are
- extensive
- NOT FUNCTIONAL [in a rapid occlusion there is not enough back up blood supply]
79
What is the venous return of the heart muscles (myocardium)
1. Great cardiac V.
- run with anterior interventricular branch
of LCA
2. Middle cardiac v.
- runs with posterior interventricular
branch of RCA
- all blood dumps into the coronary sinus vein
coronary sinus --> right atrium
80
what is the placenta and what does it do?
- specialized structure for the exchange of nutrients btwn mom and baby
- fetal blood has higher affinity of 02 (need shunts to bypass liver and lungs)
81
what are the two pulmonary shunts in fetal circulation?
1. Foramen Ovale (between right atrium and left atrium) becomes Fossa Ovalis in adults
2. Ductus arteriosus (between pulmonary trunk and aorta) becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum in adults
82
what is the hepatic shunt in fetal circulation?
Ductus venosus: becomes ligamentum venosum in adults
83
how do shunts close post nately?
First breath creates huge negative pressure in lungs
- ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close (don't want low O2 and high O2 blood mixing)
84
what is the blood flow of fetal circulation?
placenta (high O2) --> umbilical v. --> umbilicus -->{{ liver (ductus venosus shunt)}} --> inferior vena cava --> right atrium (foramen ovale shunt to bypass lungs.. shunt to left atrium)} --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk [{ductus arteriosus shunt to the aorta}] --> lungs -->pulmonary vv. --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta
85
paralysis
loss of voluntary movement
86
flaccid paralysis
complete lack of muscle tone
87
spastic paralysis
Muscle has tone but cannot contract voluntarily
88
anestnesia
loss of sensation
89
what happens at the level of a spinal cord injury?
Motor: no signal transduction
sensory: anesthesia
- lower motor neuron is cut (no communication)
- motor deficits (flaccid paralysis)
90
what happens below the level of a spinal injury?
- everything in the reflex arc is functional
- motor: spastic paralysis (loss of connection with upper motor neurons)
- sensory: anesthesia (no way to get brain --> cut ascending fibers)
91
what happens above the level of a spinal injury?
motor and sensory normal
92
what are the borders of the abdominal cavity?
superior: respiratory diaphragm
inferior: pelvic inlet (btwn sacral promontory and pubic symphysis)
94
what are the borders of the pelvic cavity?
superior: pelvic inlet
inferior: pelvic outlet
95
what are the borders of the abdominopelvic cavity?
respiratory diaphragm --> pelvic outlet
96
What are the borders of the abdominal wall?
superior: xiphoid of sternum, lower ribs, T10 vertebrae
inferior: pubic symphysis, iliac crest, L5 vertebrae
97
what are the functions of the abdominal wall?
- inc abdominal pressure (sneezing, coughing, pooping, vomiting)
- protective of the abdominal viscera
- move trunk
- maintain posture
98
what is the innervation of the abdominal wall?
- T7-L1 spinal nerve, ventral rami
99
what is the blood supply of the abdominal wall?
Posterior: lumbar aa. (x4)
Anterior: superior epigastric a.(anastomose with inferior epigastric a.)
100
Rectus Abdominis m
a:
b:
ax:
a: lower ribs
b: pubic bone
ax:
bilateral: flex trunk
unilateral: lateral flexion
101
external abdominal oblique m
a:
b:
ax:
"hands in pockets"
a: ribs 5-10
b: aponeurosis(rectus sheath)/ linea alba
ax:
unilateral: trunk flexion
bilateral: rotation to the OPP side
102
Internal abdominal oblique m.
a:
b:
ax:
"hands toward midline"
a: thoracic lumbar fascia
b: aponeurosis(rectus sheath)/ linea alba
ax:
bilateral: trunk flexion
unilateral: rotation to the SAME side
103
transversus abdominis m.
a:
b:
ax:
"brace your core"
a: thoracolumbar fascia
b: aponeurosis(rectus sheath)/ linea alba
ax: support and compress abdominal viscera
104
what is the rectus sheath?
- aponeurosis
- completely surrounds rectus abdominis m.
- connect on midline at linea alba
105
list the abdominal muscles from sup to deep
1. external abdominal oblique m.
2. internal abdominal oblique m
3. rectus abdominus m
4. transversus abdominus m.
5. transversalis fascia
106
what are the posterior wall mm?
1. iliopsoas m(iliacus m. +psoas m.)
2. quadratus lumborum m.
107
what is the inguinal canal?
an oblique passageway connecting abdomen to external (2 openings)
want to prevent structures from exiting inguinal canal
108
what are 2 ways our body prevents a hernia?
- slanted passageway oblique nature of canal
- abdominal flat mm. contract to close off the canal
109
what is a hernia?
movement of structures to a place where they should not be
110
what is peritoneum?
- serous membrane in abdomen
- visceral and parietal peritoneum
111
what and where is in the peritoneal cavity?
- between visceral and parietal peritoneum
- SEROUS fluid is the only thing in here
112
what is the name of the peritoneum in the GI system?
intraperitoneal
113
what is the name of the peritoneum in the urogenital system?
retroperitoneal
114
what is the mesentary?
peritoneum runs from posterior abdominal wall to the root of mesentary
115
what is the root of the mesentary?
where nerves and vessels come out
116
what is the greater omentum?
- 4 layers of peritoneum that runs from greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
117
what is the function of the greater omentum?
1. visceral fat storage
2. insulation
3. organs to move around freely, increases mobility
4. decrease friction in abdomen
5. maybe immune
118
what is the lesser omentum?
goes from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
119
what are the borders of the abdominal viscera?
- organs/viscera contained in the abdominal cavity
Superior: respiratory diaphragm
Inferior: pelvic inlet
120
what is the nerve supply of the GI viscera?
Autonomic nerve supply:
PANS: (energy conserving)
- vagus CNX innervation to GI
SANS:
- splanchnic nn. (from greater splanchnic in thorax)
- mostly to blood vessels on/around GI system
Visceral afferents:
- poorly localized
- sensory info from the gut(enteric NS)
121
what is the esophagus?
- pharynx (throat) to stomach
- hernia = up through respiratory diaphragm to thorax
122
what are the 5 parts of the stomach?
1. Fundus of stomach = blind sack = extra space
2. body of stomach
3. pylorus = by pyloric sphincter(just before)
4. lesser curvature
5. greater curvature
123
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum? what is special about it?
superior -> descending -> transverse -> ascending
- C-shaped pattern
- surrounds head of pancreas
- signals release of bile when food enters duodenum
124
what is the spleen?
- blood filter = lymphatic function
- connects back to liver
125
what are the functions of the pancreas?
endocrine: insulin and glucagon
exocrine: secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum
126
what are the functions of the liver?
- endocrine: angiotensin (hormone that regulates blood pressure)
- exocrine: creates + secretes bile = biliary tree to duodenum
4 lobes (segmented) can take out a portion of liver because each portion has its down blood supply
127
what is the hepatic duct?
- L/R hepatic duct = transports bile
- common hepatic duct meets w/ cystic duct to becomes bile duct which goes to the duodenum
- pancreas shares opening w/ bile duct via pancreatic duct for enzymes
128
what is the gallbladders function?
- exocrine: stores and secretes bile (bile= breakdown/emulsify of fat)
- connected by cystic duct (bidirectional flow)
- can function w/out gall bladder because liver continues to make bile
129
what is the function of the jejunum?
- nutrient absorption
- 2/5 of small intestine
130
what is the function of the ileum?
- most of small intestine
- move nutrient absorption
131
where is the vermiform appendix located?
on the ileocecal junction between ileum and cecum
132
what is the function of cecum?
- bacteria
- helps with digestion
133
what is the function of the vermiform appendix?
- immune function with gut bacteria
134
what are the 4 parts of the colon? what is the function?
1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon
- water reabsorbtion
135
what is the function of the rectum?
fecal content out via anus
136
what are the 3 unpaired arteries off of the abdominal aorta?
1. Celiac trunk a.
2. Superior mesenteric a: supplies duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and transverse colon
3. Inferior mesenteric a.
supply's descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
137
what does the celiac trunk branch out to?
1.splenic a: tortuous, supply pancreas, stomach and spleen
2. common hepatic a: (drops off gastroduodenal a. before turning into proper
hepatic a.) supply liver, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas and stomach
3. left gastric a: supply lesser curvature of stomach
138
what are the paired aa off the abdominal aorta a?
1. Renal aa (to kidneys)
2. Suprarenal aa: (supply adrenal glands)
3. Gonadal aa: (testicular or ovarian)
4. Lumbar aa(x4): supply posterior abd. wall
5. common iliac aa. (split into external and internal aa)
139
where do the urogenital organs drain into? (venous)
Inferior vena cava (caval system)
- veins named after aa they are paired with
140
where does the GI system drain into? (venous)
Hepatic portal system
- vv going to hepatic portal system are valveless and bring blood to liver to filter and detox
141
What is the route of blood through the GI system to the liver?
1. unpaired artery supplies blood to GI organs
2. intestines: nutrient absorption, 1st set of capillaries
3. Hepatic portal system
4. Liver: 2nd set of capillaries(sinousoids) = detox blood and nutrient storage
5. Hepatic vv. = drain blood from liver to IVC
142
explain how the superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain blood to the liver
Inferior mesenteric v drains to the splenic v.
superior mesenteric v. drains into splenic v.
splenic v drain into hepatic portal v. which drains into the liver
143
compare/contrast the somatic NS and autonomic NS:
- target organ
- type of control
- neural pathway
- action on target organ
somatic:
- skeletal muscles
- voluntary
- single motor neuron extends from CNS to muscle
- always excitatory (causes contraction)the
autonomic:
- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- involuntary
- visceral motor system
- two neuron chain: preganglionic neuron(CNS) -> autonomic ganglion -> postganglionic neuron to effector
- can be excitatory or inhibitory
144
Where does the SANS vs PANS start? What are the differences in pre/post ganglionic neurons? location of ganglia?
SANS:
cns origin: SC region (T1-L2) => thoracolumbar outflow (efferent neurons)
- short pre gang. neurons (lateral horn of spinal cord) & long post gang. neurons
- near spinal cord (sympathetic root ganglia)
PANS:
cns origin: craniosacral outflow (brainstem: CN 3,7,9 &10)
- long pre gang. neurons(ALWAYS IN CNS) & short post gang. neurons(ALWAYS IN CNS)
- post ganglionic cell bodies= intramural ganglion in target organ
- within wall of target organ
145
what nervous system innervates the hypothalaus?
- the ANS
- hypothalamus = master regulator
= maintain homeostasis
146
sympathetic NS vrs parasympathetic NS?
Sympathetic:
- fight or flight
- energy consuming
- fast and widespread
Parasympathetic:
- rest and digest
- energy conserving
- SLOW and localized response
ex: vagus n.
- visceral efferent: give input from organs = hypothalamus
147
describe the urinary tract in the male from kidney to exterior:
kidney -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra (before prostate, just urinary function) -> urethra (post prostate, both reproductive and urinary function) -> out
148
what is the cremaster m?
- internal abdominal oblique ,. fibers that are pulled into the scrotum
- raise/lower testes
149
what is the difference btwn the L/R gonadal vv/
right ovarian/testicular v drains into IVC
left ovarian/testicular v drains into left renal v which drains into the IVC
150
explain the spermatic cord?
- exists outside the superficial inguinal ring
contents:
- pampiniform venous plexus v.
- ductus deferens
- layers of abdominal wall mm.
- nerves
- lymphatics
151
what is the pathway of sperm?
1. testes
2. head of epididymis
3. body of epididymis
4. tail of epididymis
5. ductus deferens
6. seminal vesicle
7. ejaculatory tube
8. prostate gland
9. urethra
10. outside body
152
what is the function of the testes?
- primary sex gland
endocrine function: produce testosterone
exocrine function: produce sperm
153
what is the function of the prostate gland?
- accessory sex gland in men
- ejaculatory duct and urethra pass through it
154
what is the function of the seminal vesicle?
- produces about 60% of seminal fluid
- provides fructose to seminal fluid( energy for sperm)
155
what is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
- secrete alkaline fluids that neutralize pH of urethra = prepare urethra for sperm to enter
156
What female external genitalia is homologous to the scrotum in males?
labia majora
157
What female external genitalia is homologous to the glans penis in males?
the clitoris
(erectile tissue with nerve endings)
158
what does the penis consist of?
- 2 columns of corpora cavernosa
- 1 column of corpus spongiosum (urethra runs through)
- glans penis = tip of penis w/ corpus spongiosum
