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head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

list the two basic subdivisions of the skull

A

Neurocranium = cranial vault, bones that protect and surround the brain

Viscerocranium = facial skeleton, bones that make up the face

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2
Q

what unpaired bones make up the neurocranium?

A

Bones that surround and protect the brain

frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone

Frank On Speed Eats Poop Tacos

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3
Q

what unpaired bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

Bones that make up the face

Mandible bone
Vomer bone

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4
Q

what are the paired bones of the viscerocranium?

A

Maxillary Bones
Palatine Bones
Zygomatic Bones
Nasal Bones
Lacrimal Bones

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5
Q

what paired bones make up the neurocranium?

A

Parietal Bones
Temporal Bones

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6
Q

what is the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic bone + Zygomatic processes of: frontal bone, maxillary bone and temporal bone

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7
Q

what are the cavities of the skull?

A
  1. orbital cavity
  2. nasal cavity
  3. cranial cavity
  4. middle ear
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8
Q

what are the air sinuses of the skull

A

para sinuses = air filled spaces, communicate with nasal cavity

  1. Frontal sinus
  2. sphenoid sinus
  3. maxillary sinus
  4. ethmoid sinus
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9
Q

what is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses of the skull?

A
  1. lighten skull
  2. cool blood to the brain
  3. resonance (musical quality of sound, ie when plug nose you sound funny)
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10
Q

what are the types of articulations found in the skull?

A
  1. Non moveable = sutures
    - fibrous joints
  2. synovial = Temporalmandibular joint
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11
Q

what are the three sutures found in the cranium?

A
  1. Coronal suture = L –> R (split frontal bone and parietal bones)
  2. Sagittal suture = ant –> post (split parietal bones)
  3. Lamboid suture x2 (split parietal bones and occipital bone)
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12
Q

what are the names of the 2 joinings of the sutures of the skull?

A
  1. bregma (between coronal suture and sagittal suture)
  2. lambda (between sagittal suture and lambdoid suture)
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13
Q

what are the infant fontanelles and what do they grow into as adults?

A
  1. Anterior fontanelle (close at 2 yrs) becomes bregma in adults
  2. Posterior fontanelle (close abt 2 mo) becomes lambda in adults
  3. lateral fontanelle (close abt 2 mo) become pterion suture in adults, junction of 4 bones
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14
Q

what type of joint is the temporalmandibular joint?

A

TWO OF THEM!!!
- synovial biaxial joint
- hinge joint: elevate mandible and depress
mandible
- gliding joint: protract mandible (move anterior) and retract mandible (move posterior)

**in order to grind food you can protract one side and retract the other side = why we have 2 TMJ)

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15
Q

where is the temporalmandibular joint located and what does it consist of?

A

Location: between condylar process of mandible, on mandibular fossa of temporal bone

contents: synovial sacs with an articular disk between both, between mandibular fossa and condylar process of the mandible

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16
Q

what makes up the nasal septum of the nasal cavity?

A
  • nasal septum splits up L/R nasal cavity
    made up of:
    1. ethmoid bone
    2. vomer bone
    3. palatine bone
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17
Q

what are the three nasal conchae? and what are their function?

A
  • Superior (superior and middle =
  • Middle on ethmoid bone)
  • Inferior

lined with mucus membrane (how we get boogers)

fxn: clean air, warm air, humidify air we breath

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18
Q

describe the four major subdivisions of the brain

A
  1. Brainstem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Mid Brain)
  2. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Cerebrum
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19
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem and what is its function?

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
    - many autonomic fxns (CN10 = PANS fxn)
    - vital reflexes (cardiovascular, respiratory reflexes)
    - non vital reflexes= coughing, sneezing, vomiting
  2. PONS
    - vital reflexes = respiratory
    - relay info to/from the cerebellum
  3. Mid Brain = Mesencephalon
    - visual reflexes
    - auditory reflexes (direct our senses = hear branch crack on hike)
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20
Q

what are the two parts of a diencephalon, and what are the two functions?

A
  1. Thalamus = relay center for conscious sensation
  2. Hypothalamus = master regulator of ANS (regulate body temp, food intake, electrolyte balance)
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21
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • comparer(make sure what we are doing is right vibe)
  • Regulator (regulates rate/range/force/ongoing movements in real time)
  • motor memory = complex tasks like playing piano, riding a bike (once you initiate task, cerebellum takes over)
  • conscious
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22
Q

what happens if you get damage to your cerebellum/what is it called?

A

Ataxia
- movement abnormalities (like speech = slurring, walking (stumble/become off balance)
- alcohol affects cerebellum = uncoordinated and slur words (ie cerebellum becomes UNCONCIOUS = don’t consciously know/realize)

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23
Q

what are some functional characteristics of the cerebrum?

A
  • 2 hemispheres = contralateral perception and control (ie: right side controls left side of body)
  • consciousness cortex
  • cognition cortex
  • somatotopic arrangement
  • Cerebral dominance
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24
Q

What does the gray matter in the cerebrum do? what is it made of?

A

made of cell bodies
- most are in cortex/superficial
- upper motor neurons (we control these)
- sensory neurons (to interpret where a sensation came from)

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25
what is cerebral dominance?
95% of people have language centers on their LEFT side of brain, so if they had a stroke on left then they would have speech impairment there if those same people had a stroke on right side of cerebrum, then they would have issues with visual and spatial relationships
25
define somatotopy/ somatotopic arrangement
- body map - specific part of the body has a distinct location in the CNS - somatotopic arrangement for both motor and sensory info
26
what is basal nuclei?
deep gray matter - involved in movement, cognition and emotion - initiates movement (is is a movement appropriate?) - unconscious - damage to these = Parkinson's or Huntington's
26
what type of tracts/white matter are found in the cerebrum? and what are they?
cell processes 1. Association Fibers (run ant -> post) 2. Commissural Fibers: cross midline (run L -> R) 3. Projection Fibers: (run sup -> inf) a neuron can be all three of these if it descends as it crosses midline
27
maxillary bones do what?
holds upper set of teeth
27
lacrimal bones do what?
tear duct bones
28
the brain is highly..
metabolic
29
orbital cavity
- soft tissue of eyes - protects eye - made of 7 bones
30
nasal cavity
x 2 (L/R) - wind tunnel for nose - divided by nasal septum on midline - warms and humidifies air
31
cranial cavity
houses and protects brain
32
middle ear cavity
air filled cavity with 3 bones
33
bones in the middle ear cavity
ear ossicles
34
ear ossicles function
transmit sound waves to inner ear
35
ethmoid bone of nasal septum
- perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone is in nasal septum - makes up superior and middle nasal conchae
36
cranial fossa anterior:
frontal and ethmoid bones
37
cranial fossa middle:
sphenoid and temporal bones
38
cranial fossa posterior
occipital bone, foramen magnum, cerebellum
39
neuron
nerve cell
40
synapse
pt of communication btwn 2 neurons
41
ascending phylogenetic ladder
more synapses
42
nucleus (nuclei = plural)
group of neurons in CNS
43
ganglia
group of neurons in PNS
44
where do parasympathetic fibers arise from?
autonomic cranial nn.
44
where do sympathetic fibers arise from?
autonomic spinal nn
44
medulla is regulated by which cranial nerves?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal n) and CN X (Vagus n.)
45
the cerebrum controls
- consciousness - perception -cognition - motor plans - memory learning - emotion
46
what are some anatomical characteristics of the cerebrum?
- very large in humans - sulci = valleys/grooves - gyri = ridges/peaks - cell bodies on outside/ cerebrym cortex to be close to BBB and to inc surface area to inc neuronal count - basal nucli - tracts
47
frontal lobe function?
- personality - reasoning - primary motor cortex
48
primary motor cortex
- section of the frontal love responsible for voluntary movement - comes from precentral locus - responsible for motor function - somatotopic organization - signal begins here for movement
49
what has somatotopic organization?
frontal lobe parietal love
50
parietal lobe function
- somatosensory - primary somatosensory cortex - somatic afferent info
51
somatosensory cortex
- area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations - signal ends here
51
occipital lobe function
- primary visual cortex - migraines and its visual effects
52
arterial origins to head and brain(from aortic arch)
1. Brachiocephalic trunk a (splits into right common carotid a and left subclavian a) 2. left common carotid a 3. left subclavian a - L/R common carotid aa give rise to external and internal carotid aa. - L/R subclavian aa give rise to vertebral arteries
52
temporal lobe function
- Initial stages of memory and learning occur in medial aspects - primary auditory cortex
53
vertebral aa
- x2 - supply blood to posterior brain
54
external carotid a blood flow
- x2 - supply blood to neck/face 1. superior thyroid a(thyroid gland, neck, larynx) 2. lingual a (tounge) 3. facial a (tortuous, mm of facial expression and sup. fascia of face) 4. occipital a (R/L, post neck and post scalp) 5. superficial temporal a (pops out, scalp, terminal aa of ECA) 6. maxillary a (R/L, nasal cavity, teeth and gums) 6a. middle meningeal a (dura of brain, runs thru groove of meningeal a.) 6b. inf. alveolar a. (mandible) 6bb. mental a *comes off inf alveolar a.* and goes through mental foramen in mandible
55
what receptors detect changes in blood flow to the brain?
1. carotid body = chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood O2 levels (controls respiratory activity --> CN IX X) 2. Carotid sinus = baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and HR (CN iX and X)
55
blood supply to brain gen remarks
- needs 20% of O2 rich blood - only 2% of body wt - doesnt store O2/glucose (must have constant blood supply)
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cerebral arterial circle
- anastomosis btwn internal carotid system and vertebrobasilar system - sits right at ventral inf aspect of vein - internal carotid system enters cranial vault via carotid canal - vertebrobasilar system enters with brainstem through foramen magnum
62
what is a cerebrovascular accident(CVA)
- stroke - most brain damage - 80% are ischemic
62
vertebrobasilar system consists of
4. vertebral aa. 4a. anterior spinal a 4b. posterior spinal aa. (L/R) 5. Basilar a. 6. posterior cerebral aa (x2)
62
internal carotid system consists of:
1. internal carotid aa (x2) 1a. posterior communicating aa (L/R) 2. Middle cerebral aa (R/L) 3. Anterior cerebral aa (R/L) 3. anterior communicating a
63
ischemic stroke
- 80% of strokes - either caused by an embolus(broken off of thrombus and traveled downstream) or by a thrombus (stationary blood clot)
63
what is an epidural bleed
- caused by laceration of middle meningeal a - ALWAYS arterial (high pressure) - very dangerous bcs they rapidly push meninges around
64
aneurysm
vessel wall is weakened and balloons out and compromises nervous tissue
64
hemorrhagic stroke
- 20% of strokes - vessel bursts or opens up - caused by aneurysm or trauma
65
general venous return from brain
1. arterial blood 2. tissue 3. veins 4. venous sinuses 5. internal jugular vein
66
general venous return from brain (CSF)
1. arterial blood 2. cerebrospinal fluid 3. ventricles/ subarachnoid space 4. venous sinuses 5. internal jugular vein
67
cranial meninges from superficial to deep
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater (intimate with nervous tissue)
67
what two specializations of dura mater are in the cranium?
1. Periosteal dura mater (outermost, lines bones) 2. Meningeal (innermost, attached to arachnoid mater)
67
what is the function of dural infoldings?
- compartmentalize the brain - protect brain/keeps it from moving - creates spaces called venous sinuses
67
Dural infoldings
- compartmentalize the brain - specific areas where the inner meningeal layer pulls away from the periosteal layer to form septa which divide the cranial cavity into compartments --> dual venous sinuses form in these locations
67
types of Dural infoldings and their functions
1. Falx Cerebri (divides cerebral hemispheres) 2. Falx Cerebelli (divides cerebellar hemispheres) 3. Tentorium cerebelli (over cerebellum, separates cerebrum from cerebellum)
68
sinuses within falx cerebri dural infolding
1. superior sagittal sinus 2. inferior sagittal sinus 3. straight sinus
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superior sagittal sinus
- located most superior and drains ant to post into the confluence of sinuses
71
inferior sagittal sinus

BMS301 (3 decks)

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