Tanzimat Flashcards
1
Q
Historiography
A
- Hanioglu argues that reforms served the goal of trying to acquire international respectability to European concert
- James Gelvin that Tanzimat designed to resist European expansion but resulted in Western economic penetration of Ottoman lands
- Roderic Davison argues that nationalisms emerged from tanzimat and fragmented Ottoman Empire
- Hanioglu that reforms exposed dualisms and fissures in society
2
Q
Reforms success: international
A
-1856 Treaty of Paris ended Crimean war and Ottoman empire entered ‘Concert of Europe’
3
Q
Reforms limitations: western economic penetration
A
- Textiles
- European banks
4
Q
Nationalis movements
A
- Serbia and Montenegro uprisings 1853-1875
- Beyoglu protocol of 1861 granted Mount Lebanon an organic law
- Revolts in Crete by local christians resulted in special administrative status in 1868
5
Q
Reforms failure: economic
A
- Ottoman foreign debt 200million pounds in 1875
- Istanbul declared bankrupt in 1875
- Global economic crisis in 1873 hurt Ottomans
6
Q
Opposition groups
A
-Young Ottomans founded in 1865 demanded constitutionalism
7
Q
Reforms success: state
A
- Fairly centralised bureaucratic system by 1900
- Edict of Gulhane in 1839 abolished tax farming
- Civil service school reated in 1869
- Getting rid of Millet system
8
Q
Reform success: military
A
- Military conscription enacted
- WW1 Ottomans able to mobilise 3million men
9
Q
Reforms: education
A
- Modern universities
- Ministry of Education created in 1857
- Academy of sciences 1851
10
Q
Technological reforms
A
- Telegraph 1847-55
- Post ofices
- Railway network from 1856
- Industrial Park outskirts of Istanbul
- Newspapers, some had circulation figures as high as 20,000
11
Q
Reforms: Ottoman citizenary
A
- National anthem and flag 1844
- Identity cards
- Nationality law of 1869
12
Q
Tanzimat dates
A
1839-76 under Abudlmecid 1
-Edict of Gulhane 1839
13
Q
Reforms political
A
- First constitutional period 1876 (at the end of Tanzimat pressured by Young Ottomans)
- Second constitutional period following Young Turk revolution 1908
