Tanzania (pg102 - 114)

Question 1

What was Tanzania called while under German control?

Answer 1

German East Africa

Question 2

What did Britain make Zanzibar?

Answer 2

A protectorate

Question 3

What was German East Africa renamed by Britain during WW1?

Answer 3

Tanganyika

Question 4

Who formed the Tanganyika African National Union?

Answer 4

Nationalists led by Julius Nyerere

Question 5

Expand the Acronym TANU

Answer 5

Tanganyika African National Union

Question 6

When was TANU formed?

Answer 6

1954

Question 7

When was Tanganyika granted independence?

Answer 7

1961

Question 8

When was Zanzibar granted independence?

Answer 8

1963

Question 9

When was Tanzania formed?

Answer 9

1964

Question 10

When did Julius Nyerere become president?

Answer 10

1962

Question 11

What was TANU’s policy?

Answer 11

To forge an African way of life based on the principles of socialism and to bring about unity among the ethnic groups

Question 12

What kind of society did Julius Nyerere envision?

Answer 12

A society where everyone was equal socially and had equal rights, where everyone took part in national life and productivity and everyone benfited from the state

Question 13

What were Nyerere’s four areas of focus?

Answer 13

1. Promoting and developing the economy
2. Securing and retaining national control over the direction of economic development
3. Creating political institutions that everyone would participate in and have a sense of common purpose
4. Building a society free of income inequalities where all shared the benefits of development

Question 14

Did Nyerere accept foreign assistance?

Answer 14

No, he wanted Tanzania to be self-sufficient

Question 15

When was the Arusha Declaration drawn up?

Answer 15

1967

Question 16

What was the Arusha Declaration?

Answer 16

The Arusha Declaration was a document describing Nyerere’s policy of African Socialism

Question 17

What was Ujamaa?

Answer 17

Ujamaa was the economic and social policy introduced in Tanzania

Question 18

What was Ujamaa about?

Answer 18

Ujamaa was founded with the idea of development based on freedom, equality and unity.

Question 19

What are practical aspects Ujamaa focused on?

Answer 19

1. Collective agriculture under villagisation
2. Nationalisation of banks and industry

Question 20

What was needed to prepare for villagisation?

Answer 20

1. Good local leadership
2. Enough land with potential for development and expansion
3. Enough water for human and animal use
4. Knowledge of agriculture/technical practices to improve production
5. Markets for sale of surplus
6. Plan to reinvest surplus produce

Question 21

What were the anticipated benefits of Ujamaa?

Answer 21

1. Tanzania would be self-reliant, prosperous and classless
2. Agriculture would improve and rural areas will develop
3. Villages would self govern
4. Equipment/facilities could be gathered for the rural farms, fertiliser and seeds could be distributed
5. Education and medical care could be provided
6. Villagisation could end tribalisation
7. The Leadership Code would end corruption

Question 22

Explain the process of Ujamaa being implemented.

Answer 22

1. 1967 - 1973: Tanzanians were not forced to move. People did not like the idea and did not want to change their lifestyles
2. 1973: Nyerere forced people to move and wanted everyone to move within 3 years
3. 1975: The idea of villagisation was abandoned

Question 23

What were the positives of Ujamaa?

Answer 23

1. Literacy levels of children and adults improved
2. The number of rural health centers tripled
3. Industries such as clothing developed

Question 24

What were the negatives of Ujamaa?

Answer 24

1. Agricultural production decreased, some crops by 50%
2. Food became scarce
3. By 1985 most peasant farmers returned to subsistence farming
4. 330 nationalised companies went bankrupt
5. Exports dropped

Question 25

Why did Ujamaa fail?

Answer 25

1. The people in charge of implementing it didnt understand what they were doing
2. There was no attempt to sell the idea to people
3. Forceful methods of implementing it led to resistance
4. Villages were not properly planned, people where moved from decent housing to the middle of nowhere
5. Villages were often far from water and did not received schools or health centres
6. Farmers were forced to sell produce at low prices to parastatals, who resold the crop to multinational companies
7. Foreign capitalists were still in control of the economy

Question 26

What is a parastatal?

Answer 26

A company that is wholly or partly owned or controlled by the government

Question 27

What were the points of the Arusha Declaration?

Answer 27

1. Introduced a Leadership Code which prohibited government officials from earning money privately
2. Called for more self-reliance
3. Said that socialism and democracy go together
4. Banks and businesses were nationalised
5. A system of Workers Councils (for democracy) were created
6. Education focused on primary school children, not high school or university which produced an educated elite, education was about self-reliance and kids had to help with community work during school

Question 28

How did the parastatals work?

Answer 28

The poor peasants grew their crops and sold them at a low price to the parastatals. The parastatals then add a mark up and sell the crops to multinational companies who again add mark up and sell the crops. The peasants stayed poor as the price of the crops was determined by the parastatal officials and the multinational companies

Question 29

Julius Nyerere’s positive contributions.

Answer 29

1. He had lots of integrity as a leader
2. Major advancements were made in health care
3. Tanzania had the highest literacy rate in Africa
4. He was a Pan-Africanist
5. His regime was not characterised by corruption
6. He created tribal harmony

Question 30

Julius Nyerere’s negative contributions.

Answer 30

1. His experiment in agricultural socialism was overly ambitious and ultimately failed
2. He introduced inefficient state marketing boards and ultimately relied heavily on foreign aid
3. He eventually became tyrannical and was accused of not trusting his people’s initiative

Question 31

Political issues faced by Nyerere

Answer 31

1. Colonial rulers created artificial boundaries in society. Julius Nyerere banned tribalism and seperated tribe and state
2. In 1965 a single party state was created under TANU, Tanzania is a republic with an executive president

Question 32

When did the Tanganyika Rifles Mutiny take place?

Answer 32

January 1964

Question 33

Why did the Tanganyika Rifles Mutiny take place?

Answer 33

1. Low wages
2. Lack of promotions
3. British officers still dominated and the Tanzanians felt Africanisation was moving too slowly

Question 34

What was Julius Nyerere’s response to the mutiny?

Answer 34

He disbanded the army, found new recruits and integrated the army into society

Question 35

The Tanzanian economy

Answer 35

1. The economy began to fall in the mid 1970s, many believe due to the overly ambitious policies of Nyerere
2. The economy was reliant on foreign aid
3. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund urged Tanzania to let go of its socialist ideas but Nyerere said no
4. Tanzania could no longer import and export
5. They were forced to get rid of many socialist policies due to the failure of Ujamaa

Question 36

Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: benefits of independence

Answer 36

1. A sense of national identity, unity and cohesion was created
2. Many nation building policies were used such as adhering to principles of human dignity, equality and freedom of the individual, equality of opportunity in life
3. Education was used to build the nation
4. Provision of basic services such as health care was prioritised
5. Nyerere boosted tourism

Question 37

Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: education

Answer 37

1. Education was based on education for self-reliance
2. It should promote equality and cooperation
3. Villages were encouraged to set up schools and the government helped them
4. Learners had to attend 7 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school
5. Primary school was free, cost of uniform and stationery made it difficult to attend
6. Achieved one of the highest literacy rates in the world
7. Universities were built and adult education focused on helping Tanzanians help themselves

Question 38

What changes in education were made under Nyerere?

Answer 38

1. Education should be orientated to rural life
2. Teachers and children should work together to plan and make activities
3. Theory and practice should be integrated into the curriculum
4. Exams shouldnt be emphasised
5. Children shouls start school at 7
6. Students should become critical and independent thinkers

Question 39

Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: africanisation

Answer 39

1. Tanzanians were told to break free of European influence and take on their own culture/identity
2. Tanzania chose not to use the language of their colonisers, Swahili and Kiswahili were used
3. Nyerere translated Shakespeare into Swahili and encouraged new literature in Swahili
4. Name of the army changed from the King’s African Rifles to Tanganyika Rifles
5. Civil service was africanised
6. Dancing was used to keep traditional values