Tanzania (pg102 - 114) Flashcards
1
Q
What was Tanzania called while under German control?
A
German East Africa
2
Q
What did Britain make Zanzibar?
A
A protectorate
3
Q
What was German East Africa renamed by Britain during WW1?
A
Tanganyika
4
Q
Who formed the Tanganyika African National Union?
A
Nationalists led by Julius Nyerere
5
Q
Expand the Acronym TANU
A
Tanganyika African National Union
6
Q
When was TANU formed?
A
1954
7
Q
When was Tanganyika granted independence?
A
1961
8
Q
When was Zanzibar granted independence?
A
1963
9
Q
When was Tanzania formed?
A
1964
10
Q
When did Julius Nyerere become president?
A
1962
11
Q
What was TANU’s policy?
A
To forge an African way of life based on the principles of socialism and to bring about unity among the ethnic groups
12
Q
What kind of society did Julius Nyerere envision?
A
A society where everyone was equal socially and had equal rights, where everyone took part in national life and productivity and everyone benfited from the state
13
Q
What were Nyerere’s four areas of focus?
A
- Promoting and developing the economy
- Securing and retaining national control over the direction of economic development
- Creating political institutions that everyone would participate in and have a sense of common purpose
- Building a society free of income inequalities where all shared the benefits of development
14
Q
Did Nyerere accept foreign assistance?
A
No, he wanted Tanzania to be self-sufficient
15
Q
When was the Arusha Declaration drawn up?
A
1967
16
Q
What was the Arusha Declaration?
A
The Arusha Declaration was a document describing Nyerere’s policy of African Socialism
17
Q
What was Ujamaa?
A
Ujamaa was the economic and social policy introduced in Tanzania
18
Q
What was Ujamaa about?
A
Ujamaa was founded with the idea of development based on freedom, equality and unity.
19
Q
What are practical aspects Ujamaa focused on?
A
- Collective agriculture under villagisation
- Nationalisation of banks and industry
20
Q
What was needed to prepare for villagisation?
A
- Good local leadership
- Enough land with potential for development and expansion
- Enough water for human and animal use
- Knowledge of agriculture/technical practices to improve production
- Markets for sale of surplus
- Plan to reinvest surplus produce
21
Q
What were the anticipated benefits of Ujamaa?
A
- Tanzania would be self-reliant, prosperous and classless
- Agriculture would improve and rural areas will develop
- Villages would self govern
- Equipment/facilities could be gathered for the rural farms, fertiliser and seeds could be distributed
- Education and medical care could be provided
- Villagisation could end tribalisation
- The Leadership Code would end corruption
22
Q
Explain the process of Ujamaa being implemented.
A
- 1967 - 1973: Tanzanians were not forced to move. People did not like the idea and did not want to change their lifestyles
- 1973: Nyerere forced people to move and wanted everyone to move within 3 years
- 1975: The idea of villagisation was abandoned
23
Q
What were the positives of Ujamaa?
A
- Literacy levels of children and adults improved
- The number of rural health centers tripled
- Industries such as clothing developed
24
Q
What were the negatives of Ujamaa?
A
- Agricultural production decreased, some crops by 50%
- Food became scarce
- By 1985 most peasant farmers returned to subsistence farming
- 330 nationalised companies went bankrupt
- Exports dropped
25
Why did Ujamaa fail?
1. The people in charge of implementing it didnt understand what they were doing
2. There was no attempt to sell the idea to people
3. Forceful methods of implementing it led to resistance
4. Villages were not properly planned, people where moved from decent housing to the middle of nowhere
5. Villages were often far from water and did not received schools or health centres
6. Farmers were forced to sell produce at low prices to parastatals, who resold the crop to multinational companies
7. Foreign capitalists were still in control of the economy
26
What is a parastatal?
A company that is wholly or partly owned or controlled by the government
27
What were the points of the Arusha Declaration?
1. Introduced a Leadership Code which prohibited government officials from earning money privately
2. Called for more self-reliance
3. Said that socialism and democracy go together
4. Banks and businesses were nationalised
5. A system of Workers Councils (for democracy) were created
6. Education focused on primary school children, not high school or university which produced an educated elite, education was about self-reliance and kids had to help with community work during school
28
How did the parastatals work?
The poor peasants grew their crops and sold them at a low price to the parastatals. The parastatals then add a mark up and sell the crops to multinational companies who again add mark up and sell the crops. The peasants stayed poor as the price of the crops was determined by the parastatal officials and the multinational companies
29
Julius Nyerere's positive contributions.
1. He had lots of integrity as a leader
2. Major advancements were made in health care
3. Tanzania had the highest literacy rate in Africa
4. He was a Pan-Africanist
5. His regime was not characterised by corruption
6. He created tribal harmony
30
Julius Nyerere's negative contributions.
1. His experiment in agricultural socialism was overly ambitious and ultimately failed
2. He introduced inefficient state marketing boards and ultimately relied heavily on foreign aid
3. He eventually became tyrannical and was accused of not trusting his people's initiative
31
Political issues faced by Nyerere
1. Colonial rulers created artificial boundaries in society. Julius Nyerere banned tribalism and seperated tribe and state
2. In 1965 a single party state was created under TANU, Tanzania is a republic with an executive president
32
When did the Tanganyika Rifles Mutiny take place?
January 1964
33
Why did the Tanganyika Rifles Mutiny take place?
1. Low wages
2. Lack of promotions
3. British officers still dominated and the Tanzanians felt Africanisation was moving too slowly
34
What was Julius Nyerere's response to the mutiny?
He disbanded the army, found new recruits and integrated the army into society
35
The Tanzanian economy
1. The economy began to fall in the mid 1970s, many believe due to the overly ambitious policies of Nyerere
2. The economy was reliant on foreign aid
3. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund urged Tanzania to let go of its socialist ideas but Nyerere said no
4. Tanzania could no longer import and export
5. They were forced to get rid of many socialist policies due to the failure of Ujamaa
36
Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: benefits of independence
1. A sense of national identity, unity and cohesion was created
2. Many nation building policies were used such as adhering to principles of human dignity, equality and freedom of the individual, equality of opportunity in life
3. Education was used to build the nation
4. Provision of basic services such as health care was prioritised
5. Nyerere boosted tourism
37
Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: education
1. Education was based on education for self-reliance
2. It should promote equality and cooperation
3. Villages were encouraged to set up schools and the government helped them
4. Learners had to attend 7 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school
5. Primary school was free, cost of uniform and stationery made it difficult to attend
6. Achieved one of the highest literacy rates in the world
7. Universities were built and adult education focused on helping Tanzanians help themselves
38
What changes in education were made under Nyerere?
1. Education should be orientated to rural life
2. Teachers and children should work together to plan and make activities
3. Theory and practice should be integrated into the curriculum
4. Exams shouldnt be emphasised
5. Children shouls start school at 7
6. Students should become critical and independent thinkers
39
Social and cultural factors in Tanzania: africanisation
1. Tanzanians were told to break free of European influence and take on their own culture/identity
2. Tanzania chose not to use the language of their colonisers, Swahili and Kiswahili were used
3. Nyerere translated Shakespeare into Swahili and encouraged new literature in Swahili
4. Name of the army changed from the King's African Rifles to Tanganyika Rifles
5. Civil service was africanised
6. Dancing was used to keep traditional values
