Tanzania Flashcards
Globalisation
Globalisation is the world becoming more interconnected and interdependent through the spread of ideas, technology (e.g. communications and the internet), people and money. It is the interaction of most of the world’s economies – are now generally part of a world economy.
Positives of Globalisation pt 1
-Responsible for many formal employment opportunity…jobs!
-More factories = more money flowing into and through a country
-New skills, techniques and technologies brought into LEDCs
-Several countries e.g. UK, USA and China have made large-scale investments in development projects – e.g. port facilities, mining projects, agribusiness and communications
.
Positives of Globalisation pt 2
- Agrica (company=sustainable agribusiness) began the transformation of farming in Tanzania by using high yielding seeds, chemical fertilisers and mechanisation. E.g. Rice intensification scheme
- Rice intensification Scheme-Rice production has increased dramatically and Tanzania is nearing self-sufficiency in the crop.
- Agrica employs local people and provided housing, health centres, school rooms and improved roads
Negatives of Globalisation pt 1
- pay disparity (inequality) in similar jobs done in MEDCs and LEDCs
- Many MNCs contract out their factories so usual working standards are not implemented and corners are cut on hours and conditions.
- Little job security in LEDCs – MNCs will only work in a country if economically viable and safe. 1st sign of difficulty the will pull out.
- Developments will arguably bring more benefits to china.
Negatives of Globalisation pt 2
- China imports iron ore, coal and gas from Tanzania and exports manufactured goods through Dar es Salaam.
- Exporting large amounts of raw materials and gas may reduce Tanzania’s potential for industrial development.
- Cheap manufactured goods for China-obstacles to development of manufacturing industry in Tanzania
- Corruption and bribery among officials in Tanzania->Unfair distribution of wealth.
Example Developments in Tanzania
- China invested $400 million in the Dar es Salaam port. This includes a railway from Dar es Salaam port to Chinese iron ore and coal mines.
- New mega port and manufacturing zone at Bagamoyo=employment.
- There are over 500 Chinese companies in Tanzania, employing 150,000 people.
- Rice Intensification Scheme-implemented by UK based Agrica which operates contracts with 5000 local farmers.
Aid
- Aid is the transfer of resources (money, food, health care, education, technical advice, technology or machinery) from richer MEDCs to the poor, usually in LEDCs.
- It can be Official-Multilateral/Bilateral/Tied or Voluntary-NGOs
Positives of Aid pt 1
- Bring economic improvement in LEDCs-increased markets for trade.
- Save lives, e.g. vaccinations lowering infant mortality.
- Improves the lives of millions e.g. MDGs.
- Most official aid has interest rates much lower than loans
- The multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDR) cancelled all debt in 2006
- A scheme to provide cheap solar energy to remote rural areas=cheap and non-polluting energy.
Positives of Aid pt 2
-Millennium Development Goals:
Tanzanian Social Action fund focused aid on poorest section of population.
2013 By Results Now (BRN) programmes launched-a comprehence 5-year programme to boost development in energy produce, education, water supply, transport+agriculture.
-Free primary education-90% of Children enrolled in school in 2013
-Approx one third of children attend secondary school
-99% of children immunised against measles in 2014-> large falls in infant mortality rate
-2500km of paved roads built
Negatives of Aid
- Too much financial aid is wasted e.g. corruption, bad management.
- Tied aid-Aid with conditions attached-often benefits the donor
- WB criticised for only providing aid to ‘Western style’ governments
- Some MDGs missed-particularly extreme hunger and maternal health care.
- 1990s-high interest rates in loans and high oil prices left country caught in debt traps.
- Some aid used to finance war with Uganda in 1978.
- Late 1980s Tanzanians economy had stagnated + country became reliant on loans from international organisations.
Examples of Developments in Tanzania
- Tanzania receives $3.9 billion of aid from the WB annually for development projects
- Free primary education for all and 90% enrolment in primary in 2013
- 99% of children immunised against measles in 2014. IMF rate down from 115 per 1000 in 1990 to 35 per 1000 in 2015.
- 25,000km of roads have been built in the country
- 86% of urban dwellers + 57% of rural dwellers have access to clean water
- Improvements in agriculture=self-sufficiency in rice and maize + a reduction in food prices generally.
