Takeoff Power And Performance

Question 1

Lift off speed (Vlo)

Answer 1

Point At Which Airplane Is Ready to Fly
Just Above Stall
CL = CLmax
Vlo = 1.2Vso

Question 2

Newton’s second law

Answer 2

Acceleration
●Proportional to the Sum of Forces
●Inversely Proportional to the Mass of the Object

Question 3

Thrust during takeoff

Answer 3

Decreases As Velocity Increases For Propeller Driven Airplanes

Question 4

Drag during takeoff

Answer 4

●Parasite at Beginning
●Induced & Parasite at End
●Increases As Velocity Increases

Question 5

Rolling resistance

Answer 5

●Characteristic of Surface
●Force Acting Normal to Runway
●Decreases As Velocity Increases

Question 6

Minimize ground roll

Answer 6

●Maximize Acceleration
●Minimize Vlo

Question 7

Maximize acceleration

Answer 7

●Increase Thrust
●Reduce Drag
●Reduce Weight
●Increase Lift

Question 8

Minimize Vlo

Answer 8

●Minimize Weight
●Maximize CLmax
●Maximize Surface Area

Question 9

Takeoff variables

Answer 9

●Density
●Wind
●Runway Slope
●Pilot Technique

Question 10

What conditions affect a planes performance

Answer 10

●Density altitude
●Pressure Altitude
●Atmospheric Composition

Question 11

Effects of pressure

Answer 11

●Higher pressure = better performance
●Lower pressure = worse performance
At standard temperature, pressure is proportional to density
●Pressure is doubled, density is doubled

Question 12

Effects of density

Answer 12

Increasing the temperature of a gas, decreases it’s density
Decreasing the temperature of a gas, increases it’s density
Density of the air varies inversely with temperature, given pressure remains constant

Question 13

Atmospheric composition

Answer 13

Humidity (moisture)
●Water vapor is lighter than air
Moist air is lighter than dry air
More water vapor in the air = less dense air

Relative Humidity (RH)
●How much moisture air can hold

Question 14

Density

Answer 14

●Temperature
High Temperature - Low Density
●Pressure
Low Pressure - Low Density
●Dry Air - Heavy
●Moist Air - Light
●High Humidity - Low Density

Question 15

Low density

Answer 15

●High Altitude
●Low Pressure System
●High Temperature
●High Humidity

Question 16

Density variables

Answer 16

●Powerplant Performance
●Takeoff Velocity
●Thrust

Question 17

Power plant performance

Answer 17

●Reduced For Non-Turbocharged Airplanes

Question 18

Takeoff velocity

Answer 18

●Depends On Dynamic Pressure
●Same IAS, Higher TAS

Question 19

Wind

Answer 19

●Airplane Starts Takeoff Roll With Velocity Equal to Headwind Component
●Reduction in Takeoff Distance Not Linear

Question 20

Wind, surfaces, and contaminants

Answer 20

A 10% reduction in takeoff distance can be applied for every 9 KTS of headwind, and a 10% increase can be applied for every 2 KTS of tailwind.

A 15% increase in takeoff distance can be applied to dry grass runways; runway contaminants such as long grass, sand, mud, slush, standing water, or snow can easily double the takeoff distance.

A 10% decrease in weight will result in a 10% decrease in the takeoff roll, while a 10% increase in weight will result in a 20% increase in the takeoff roll.

Question 21

Runway slope

Answer 21

Upslope - Retarding Force
Downslope - Accelerating Force

Question 22

Pilot technique

Answer 22

●Lift Off Speed
Higher Speed Increased Distance
●Distance = (velocity)2
Lower Speed Increased Distance
●Induced Drag
●Use of Flaps
Increase CLmax
Lower Vlo
Reduced Takeoff Distance
●Use of Flaps
First Half of Flap Travel
●Big Increase In Lift
●Small Increase In Drag
Second Half of Flap Travel
●Small Increase In Lift
●Big Increase In Drag
●Use of Flaps
Do Not ‘Pop’ Flaps
●Pilot Distraction
●Rolling Resistance Biggest Factor At Start of Run

Question 23

Normal takeoff

Answer 23

Set Takeoff Flaps
Center Airplane On Runway
Advance Throttle Smoothly
Check Engine Instruments
Maintain Directional Control
Rotate At Recommended Airspeed
Accelerate To Vy - Gear Down
Retract Gear When
●Positive Rate of Climb Established
●Safe Landing Can No Longer Be Established

Question 24

Maximum takeoff performance

Answer 24

Without Obstacle
●Minimize Ground Roll
With Obstacle
●Minimize Ground Roll
●Maximize Angle of Climb After Lift Off

Set Recommended Flap Setting
Position Airplane For Maximum Runway Availability
Center Airplane On Runway
Apply Brakes
Advance Throttle Smoothly To Maximum

Check Engine Instruments
Release Brakes
Maintain Directional Control
Rotate At Recommended Airspeed

With Obstacle
●Accelerate To Vx - Gear Down
●Climb Until Clear of Obstacle
Without Obstacle
●Accelerate to Vy - Gear Down

Question 25

Soft field takeoff

Answer 25

Transfer Weight of Airplane From Wheels to Wings As Soon As Possible
Minimize Rolling Resistance
Nose Wheel Friction
Main Wheel Friction

Set Recommended Flap Setting
Position Airplane For Maximum Runway Availability
Taxi Onto Runway Without Stopping
Advance Throttle Smoothly To Maximum
Check Engine Instruments
Adjust Pitch Attitude

Maintain Directional Control
Lift Off At Lowest Possible Airspeed
Remain In Ground Effect While Accelerating
With Obstacle
●Accelerate To Vx - Gear Down
Without Obstacle
●Accelerate To Vy - Gear Down

Question 26

Crosswind takeoff

Answer 26

Select Flap Setting
Center Airplane on Runway
Apply Aileron Deflection
Advance Throttle Smoothly
Check Engine Instruments

Maintain Directional Control
Adjust Aileron Deflection
Rotate At Recommended Airspeed

Question 27

Charts

Answer 27

•Conditions
•Density
•Pressure Altitude
•Temperature
•Weight
•Wind
•Headwind Component
•Runway Condition
•Flaps
•Power Setting
•Liftoff Speed

Type
●Normal
●Short Field
Ground Roll
50 ft Obstacle