Take 2 again Flashcards
1
Q
muddy brown casts
A
acute tubular necrosis
2
Q
chonedrocalcinosis
A
pseudogout
3
Q
multi organ disease caused by a systemic vasculitis
A
behcet’s disease
4
Q
Lisfranc’s injury
A
dislocation of the base of the second metatarsal and the medial cuneiform in the midfoot
5
Q
common treatment of neuropathic pain
A
amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant)
6
Q
bag of worms
A
varicocele
7
Q
transillumination
A
hydrocele
8
Q
given alongside prednisolone to protect bone
A
bisphosphonates (and calcium and vit D)
9
Q
Patient with skin hardening and PMH of raynauds
A
systemic sclerosis
10
Q
extremely invasive difficult to treat thyroid cancer
A
anaplastic thyroid cancer
11
Q
Diffuse lace like rash and bright red cheeks
A
parvovirus b19 (slapped cheek)
12
Q
commonest cause of bronchiolitis
A
RSV
13
Q
heamaturia is more common in nephrotic/nephritic
A
nephritic
14
Q
recurrent oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, erythema nosodum
A
Beckets disease
15
Q
how is pyloric stenosis diagnosed
A
abdominal ultrasound
16
Q
what type of testicular cancer shows lymphocytic infiltrate
A
seminoma
17
Q
What drug can be used in GCA to reduce risk of visual loss
A
Aspirin (75mg)
18
Q
First line investigation for ureteric calculus
A
non-contrast CT KUB
19
Q
Haematuria, flank pain and mass
A
renal cell carcinoma triad
20
Q
profuse diarrhoea that turns bloody a few days later, haemolytic anaemia, uraemia, thrombocytopenia
A
haemolytic uraemia syndrome (most infected by E. coli)
21
Q
Treatment for stress incontinace if pelvic floor exercises show no improvement and surgery is not an option
A
duloxetine
22
Q
how should bisphosphonates be taken
A
in the morning before breakfast and remain upright 30 mins after taking it
23
Q
The ____ nerve arises from the anterior rami of C3,4,5 and lies on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior as it descends into the thorax.
A
phrenic
24
Q
sciatic nerve arises from ____ and ____divisions of the anterior primary rami of ____. It innervates the muscles in the _____ compartment of the thigh and all the muscles of the leg and foot via its terminal tibial and common peroneal nerve branches.
A
anterior, posterior
L4-S3
posterior
25
largest lymphatic vessel in the body and it drains lymph from the lower half of the body, the left thorax, left upper limb, left head and neck, into the left subclavian vein, back into the venous circulation
thoracic duct
26
antibodies against hemi-desmosomes
bulbous pemphigoid
27
The wrist is a ______ joint
synovial condyloid
28
NSAIDS cause _____ constriction
afferent arteriole
29
what type of bone is the patella
sesamoid
30
Proliferative 'wire-loop' glomerular histology in the presence of proteinuria and systemic symptoms is characteristic of _____
lupus nephritis
31
diet advice for protein, phosphate, potassium and sodium in chronic kidney disease
Low
32
IgA nephropathy results from______ in the glomerulus
immune complex deposition
33
what virus causes shingles
VZV
34
long term central vision loss suggests ____ where peripheral vision loss suggests ____
ARMD
glaucoma
35
Optic Neuritis, episodes of paraesthesia and urinary incontinece
multiple sclerosis
36
apex of a renal pyramid is called a
renal papilla
37
what are the starling forces
hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
38
which hormone inhibits GH
somatostatin
39
main function of serum albumin
regulates oncotic pressure of blood
40
what are the Ottawa ankle rules for x-ray?
pain in the malleolar zone and any of:
- bone tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of the lateral / medial malleolus
- inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps.
41
happens as a result of un-fixed childhood squint
amblyopia (lazy eye)
42
Treatment resistant hypertension with WORSENING renal function after starting on ACE inhibitor
fibromuscular dysplasia
43
Thunderclap headache, rapid neurological deterioration, palpable flank masses
Berry aneurysm, causing subarachnoid haemorrhage (ADPCKD)
44
what medication can cause moon face
steroids
45
Why does alcohol bingeing lead to polyuria?
Suppresses ADH in the posterior pituitary gland
46
what is the bone at the base of the thumb
trapezium
47
what are the contents of the cubital fossa (lateral to medial)
radial nerve, brachial tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
48
swimmers ear
otitis externa
49
triggered by strep infection, common in children and young adults, characteristic drop shape skin lesion
guttate psoriasis
50
infection of epididymis causing pain and swelling of testicles. signs of current illness / infection
epididymo-orchitis
51
treatment actinic keratoses
5-fluorouracil (a cytotoxic agent), NSAIDs, or imiquimod. (for localised lesions - cryotherapy, curettage and surgical excision)
52
Can cause gingival hypertrophy, hypertrichosis and nephrotoxicity
cyclosporine
53
nephritic syndrome examples
rapidly progressive GN, IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome
54
nephrotic syndrome examples
minimal change disease, membranous GN, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy
55
examples of GN that can be nephrotic or nephritic
diffuse proliferative, membranoproliferative, post-strep
56
loss of knee extension nerve injury
femoral nerve
57
tingling and numbness on outer aspect of thigh nerve injury
lateral cutaneous (L2 and L3)
58
reduced hip extension and lateral rotation nerve injury
inferior gluteal
59
seronegative arthritis examples
ankylosing spondylitis
psoriatic arthritis
reactive arthritis
IBD arthritis
60
seropositive arthritis examples
rheumatoid arthritis
lupus
scleroderma
vasculitis
sjogren's
61
What happens to Na levels in response to increased blood pressure
(renin/angiotensin system less activated so) increased Na loss
62
Carpal tunnel contents
the flexor pollicis longus, the four flexor digitorum superficialis, the four flexor digitorum profundus as well as the median nerve
63
what is takayasu's arteritis?
group of large vessel arteritis causing inflamed blood vessels and stenosis. Diagnosed by angiography. Treatment corticosteroids.
64
what is the difference in the way the anterior and posterior pituitary produce hormones?
anterior pituitary produces its own hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, TSH etc) , under the control of the hypothalamus.
posterior stores hormones (ADH and oxytocin) produced by the hypothalamus
65
whooping cough cause bacteria
gram negative coccobacillus bordatela pertussis
66
what is mumps
viral infection caused by paramyxovirus usually affecting salivary glands
67
describe garden classification
Stage I: incomplete fracture line or impacted fracture
Stage II: complete fracture line, non-displaced
Stage III: complete fracture line, partial displacement
Stage IV: complete fracture line, complete displacement
68
management intracapsular hip fracture in each of younger mobile and older immobile patients
younger, mobile - cannulated screws or dynamic hip screw
older, immobile - total or hemiarthroplasty
69
management extracapsular hip fracture
internal fixation
70
why do you give calcium gluconate for hyperkaleamia
stabilises cardiac membrane
71
Occurs after viral infection, symptoms of thyrotoxicosis
subacute granulomatosis (de Quervain's)
72
scabies treatment
permethrin 5%
73
main hormone that causes contractions
oxytocin
74
drugs that cause psoriasis flares
antimalarials, lithium, beta blockers and interferons
75
most common site of crystals in pseudo gout
synovium
76
astigmatism treatment
cylindrical lenses
77
acantholytic keratinocytes
pemphigus vulgaris
78
what must be performed with Kawasaki disease to monitor heart?
echocardiogram due to risk of coronary artery aneurisms
79
where does ADH act?
collecting ducts
80
nerve lying medially to thyroid gland, in groove between oesophagus and trachea
left recurrent laryngeal nerve (brach of vagus)
81
What muscles does the axillary nerve supply?
deltoid and teres minor
82
cauda equina syndrome next step
urgent MRI
83
what is first line acne treatment
topical retinoid with/out Benzoyl Peroxide OR topical tretinoin and antibiotic
84
2nd line acne treatment
any of: topical retinoid with/out Benzoyl Peroxide OR topical tretinoin and antibiotic,
OR Azelaic acid 20% with oral antibiotic
OR oral anti-androgen (females only)
85
3rd line acne treatment
oral retinoid
86
which sign makes it likely that the eye is affected in herpes zoster
hutchinson's sign - nose tip involvement
87
first line treatment for plaque psoriasis
potent topical corticosteroid + topical vitamin D
88
what muscle disease is giant cell arteritis associated with
polymyalgia rheumatica
89
rash most associated with IBD
erythema nodosum
90
most common cause of hyopthyroidism in the developing world
iodine deficiency
91
high calcium means hyper/hyoparathyroidism?
hyperparathyroidism
92
how do SGLT2 inhibitors work
make you pee out glucose
93
hydroxychloroquine commonly causes what problems
eye
94
what is the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium
increased sodium reabsorption into blood and increased secretion of potassium into the urine
95
Define the different stages of CKD (1-5)
stage 1 - normal, >90 eGFR
stage 2 - mild impairment, 60-89 eGFR
stage 3a - moderate impairment, 45-59 eGFR
stage 3b - 30-44 eGFR
stage 4 - severe impairment, 15-29 eGFR
stage 5 - renal failure <15 eGFR
96
green/ yellow bile vomit
volvulus
97
no periods, no breast development, widely spaced nipples
Turner syndrome (XO karyotype)
98
what should be screened for before starting biologics
TB (quantiferon test)
99
first line treatment minimal change disease
prednisolone
100
BPH first line
alpha blocker e.g. tamsulosin
101
where does middle thyroid vein drain to
internal jugular vein
102
what drug can worsen diabetic control due to anti-insulin effects?
corticosteroids
103
what chemical imbalance causes hypocalceamia and makes it treatment resistant
hypomagneseamia
104
what are the contents of the cubital fossa from lateral to medial
radial nerve, brachial tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
105
in what condition should NSAIDs be avoided in
AKI and CKD
