Tactics Book Flashcards
NFPA 1620
Pre-Incident planning
Pre-Incident survey
Assessment of facility before emergency occurs. Also called preplan.
Places of First concern when doing preplan
High life hazard properties.
Second priority for preplans
Places where people live and work
Fist step to completing a preplan
Building relationship with owner/occupant.
Preplan priorities are based on
Life safety risk
Property value
Frequency and severity of emergency happening
What consideration is addressed when recording contents and fuel load?
Fire control
NFPA 204
Smoke and Heat venting.
Design and install of venting.
Automatic heat and smoke vents
Highest part of the roof
Automatically open to vent.. usually by fusible link
Monitors for venting
Square or rectangle structures that penetrate the roof.
Generally what is an extended lay supply?
If the lay required more than 1 engines supply line.
NFPA 1142
Water supplies
NFA fire flow formula
(length x width)/3 x %involvment
Good for less that 50% involvement or less than 1000gpm
Automatic aid
Agreement between agencies that share common boundry.
Happens when certain predetermined conditions occur
Mutual Aid
Reciprocal agreement between 2 or more agencies
Usually based on a request basis
Type 4 building lumber size
Greater than 4 inches for structural members
What size gypsum must be applied w less than 2x10
1/2 inch on bottom side
HUD CFR 24 part 3280
Regulates manufactured housing
Manufactured homes
Most common unclass amd mostly prefab prior tondelivery
Modular construction
6%of factory built homes
Must comply with local bldg codes
Panelized homes
Fo between plywood panels are assembled onsite.
Typically 8 feet tall and up to 40 feet wide
Novoclimat homes
New standard most used in Quebec
More energy efficient
Fires in open floor plan will Initially be ___ controlled
Fuel
Ventilation
Initially fuel controlled
Compartmentalization typical prior to
1980s
Weight of water
US Gallon is 8.33 pounds
Imperial Gallon is 10 pounds
250 gpm add 1 ton per minute of water
NIST UL stidies
Dimensional lumber collapse 11:57
Engineered collapse 7:00
Limiting vent only slowed by 2:40
Lamella roof
Trussless arched
Relatively shirt timbers of uniform lemgth
Incident action plan also known as?
Building emergency plan
What requires NIMS to be use
Presidential Directive 5
Comand staff
Report directly to IC
PIO
Safety
Liaison
General staff
Represent the major functional sections
Sections in ICS
Org level that has major functional areas
Logs
Planning
Ops
Finance
Branch
Org level having functional and geographic responsibility
Division
Responsible for all ops within a geographic area
Group
Responsible for specific actions on scene
Unit
Fulfills specific support functions
Taskforce
A combination of resources for a specific mission
Strike Team
Group of resources of the same type
NFPA 1021
Fire officer 1
Requires officer to create IAP
NFPA 1561
FD IMS
Minimum number for a RIT team and optimum
2 persons
Optimum is 2 persons and an Officer
Best resource for facts when you first arrive on scene?
The observations of your crew members.
Ability to predict what happens next on scene is based on…?
Knowledge and Experience
NFPA 101
Life Safety Code
When is secondary search completed?
After Fire Under Control benchmark
Most common heated particles found in smoke
Tar, Soot, Carbon
Light colored or slow moving smoke can indicate
smoke has traveled distances from the origin
White smoke indicates
pyrolysis is occurring in areas adjacent to the main body of fire
White wispy smoke
pyrolysis in a compartment fire.
Should be considered fuel.
Smoke Explosion vs Backdraft and Flashover
Smoke explosion involves an ignition source and involves more than 1 compartment
Backdraft is a sudden introduction of oxygen and involves 1 compartment.
Brown Smoke
mid stage heating and mid to late stage heating.
Indication of burning.
Gray Smoke
combination of mixing.
can be mid stage heating or can be when different smoke areas combinie.
Black Smoke
high quantities of carbon.
Can be indication of amount of ventilation at seat of fire. Thicker smoke is less clean burning.
Thin Black smoke
direct result of heat from flame.
When active or fast moving, indicates fire near by.
Thin smoke with smooth lines exiting high in an opening and going straight up indicates flame driven smoke.
High Neutral Plane
Early stages of development.
or you are farther away from fire or fire above you.
Neutral plane centered
Fire beginning to be ventilation controlled and flashover conditions developing.
Low Neutral plane
Compartment reaching flashover conditions.
How does volume pushed smoke act?
Will flow neither smooth nor turbulent. It floats out of openings rising slow.
What does pulsating smoke indicate?
Ventilation limited conditions.
three common types of smoke movement
Floating, volume pushed, heat pushed
What does fast turbulent smoke indicate
established working fire
Plan of Operation
Another name for IAP.
Clearly identified strategic goal and the tactical objectives necessary to achieve it.
Flashover temp
1110 in ch 4
1100 in earlier ch
When were the Rules of Engagement developed by the IAFC
2010
First RoE for FF Survival
1) Size up area of operation
2) Determine Occupant survival profile
First IC Rule of Engagement for Safety
1) Rapidly conduct or obtain a 360 of the incident.
2) Determine occupant survival profile.
What area the 3 parts Means of Egress is composed of
Exit access, Exit, Exit Discharge
Metal clad doors also known as
Kalamein Doors.
Building Emergency Plan
Another name for IAP
The life hazard to occupants is largely determined by?
Occupancy type and the time of day.
The entry door to assembly occupancies can handle what percentage of the occupant load?
50 percent of the occupant load
When should a FF be sent to rehab
After use of 2 air cylinders
Institutional occupancies are…
Hospitals, Nursing Homes, daycare, detention centers
What occupancy rate is considered assembly occupancy?
Gathering of 50 or more.
Largest life loss fires occur in which occupancy?
Assembly occupancies
About how many fires occur in vacant structures annually?
About 11,000
How many civilians die in vacant structure fires?
Over 20 civilians each year
How many firefighters are injured in vacant structure fires
6,000 FF injured.
Difference between Abandoned and Vacant
length of time the location has been unused.
How does humidity affect smoke?
High humidity can cause smoke to remain close to the ground.
When is a fire considered under control?
When it is incapable of growing larger due to control measures in place.
No added oxygen, fuel, or heat will result in growth.
LODD due to cardiac arrest
1970s=2.6 per 100,000
1990s=1.9 per 100,000
LOD deaths due to trauma
1970s=1.8 per 100k
1990s= almost 3 per 100k
When to conduct a PAR
Every 10 to 20 minutes
In accordance with SOP
When a major change in condition occurs
What elements released with complete combustion of methane?
CO and Formaldehyde
What elements released with complete oxidation of methane
CO2 and Water
Oriented Search
Team leader stays in a fixed location to help keep the teams orientation. Uses a TIC to increase efficiency.
VEIS
Vent Enter Isolate Search. Done when its suspected or probable a victim is present in a specific room with direct access.
Most efficient attack on fuel controlled fires
Direct attack
Most efficient attack on ventilation controlled fires
Indirect attack
Gas Cooling method
reduces heat from the hot gas layer.
effective when facing a shielded fire
High heat, rollover, flashover conditions
Positive pressure attack
most effective on fires confined to a compartment
use high volume fans before suppression to force heat and smoke to desired exhaust.
Exhaust-to-intake ratio must be greater than 1
Medical Surveillance
Rehab function intended to monitor responders vitals and incident stress level.
When should attempt be made to determine cause and point of origin?
After fire extinguishment and prior to overhaul.
Tactical Ventilation
planned, systematic and coordinated removal of heat and gases from a structure, replacing ghem with coller fresh air.
Coordinated with fire suppression.
Footprint of a house has increased by how much between 1973 and 2008
increased by 150%
Lot size has decreased by how much between 1973 and 2008
Decreased by 25%
What is the most important weather related influence on structure fire?
Wind
Positive pressure ventilation
less emphasis on exhaust to intake ratio.
completed after fire suppression
High rise structures require how many more personnel than low rise structures
Often requires 4 to 6 times as many personnel to complete search and rescue and firefighting operations.
Firefighters should have a scientific understanding of?
Combustion, fire, heat, and temperature
Combustion
a chemical process of oxidation at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of glow or flame
Fire
rapid oxidation process. This is a gas phase chemical reaction
Oxidation
When a substance combines with oxygen. example is rust
Energy
Capacity to perform work
Heat of combustion
the potential energy available for release in the combustion process
The rate at which fuel releases energy over time depends on….?
Chemical composition, Arrangement, Density of fuel, available oxygen for combustion.
Thermal Energy
Kinetic energy associated with the random motions of the molecules of a material
SI system unit to measure energy
Joule
The quantity of heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
4.2 Joules
Customary Unit measurement of heat?
BTU
BTU?
the amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree F
1 BTU - ? Joules
1 BTU= 1,055 Joules
Exothermic vs Endothermic
Exothermic releases energy.
Endothermic absorbs energy
Pyrolysis
chemical off-gassing in solids
The chemical decomp of a solid by heating
vaporization
chemical change in liquids
Physical process that changes liquid into a gaseous state.
rate of vaporization depends on?
the substance involved, heat, pressure, and exposed surface
Piloted ignition
when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat to start combustion reaction
Most common form of ignition
Autoignition
initiation of combustion by heat but without spark
Autoignition temperature
lowest temp which a combustible ignites without spark or flame
How many types of combustion?
2 types of combustion. Flaming and nonflaming
___ is where the combustion process begins?
Ignition
According to Ch 1, what causes most fire deaths?
Exposure to toxic gases found in smoke and/or lack of oxygen
Combustion is incomplete when?
Any of the fuel is left after combustion has occurred.
Smoke and ash are examples
Complete combustion of Methane in air produces?
Heat, light, water vapor, and carbon dioxide
Wood and cotton are examples of what type of fuel?
Carbon based fuels
Plastics and synthetic fabrics are examples of what type of fuel?
Hydrocarbon based fuels
When air supply is limited, incomplete combustion increases or decreases?
Incomplete combustion increases with limited air suppply
CO properties
colorless, odorless gas.
product of incomplete combustion
combines with hemoglobin more than 200 times faster than oxygen.
decreases the bloods ability to carry oxygen
Exposure to 0.2% = unconscious in 30 minutes
Formaldehyde Properties and effects
colorless gas with pungent irritating odor
50-100ppm can cause severe irritation to resp tract
High concentrations can cause injury to skin
HCN( Hydrogen Cyanide) effects/properties
colorless and flammable
liquid below 79F and is produced by nitrogen bearing substances.(think synthetic fibers as well as cotton and wool)
35 times more toxic than CO
Prevents the body from using oxygen at cellular level
CO2 - Carbon dioxide effects/properties
product of combustion of organic materials.
displaces existing oxygen
Respiratory stimulant, increases resp rate
How many irritant found in smoke
More than 20.
including formaldehyde, acrolein, and hydrogen chloride
What is considered standard temperature?
68F
What happens to gases at standard temperature and atmospheric pressure
gases remain calm and move very little
Convective flow
heated gases are buoyant and flow up and out. Cooler air travels inward toward the fire.
heat release rate
the total amount of heat released per unit time
heat flux
measure of the rate of heat transferred from a surface. Typically measured in kW/M2
convert F to C
F = (C x 18) + 32
Convert C to F
C = (F - 32) / 1.8
What indicates the real measure of how long PPE will protect you in a building?
Heat Flux to the PPE.
Most common source of heat in combustion reaction?
Chemical Energy
3 materials listed as spontaneous heating
Charcoal
Linseed oil soaked rags
Hay and Manure
Resistance heating (electrical energy)
current flowing through a conductor produces heat.
Overload or Overcurrent
current flowing through a conductor exceeds its designed limits.
Arcing
high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or though a medium.
Sparking
luminous particles formed from arcing
What generates mechanical energy
Friction or Compression
Conductivity of metals. Which is most conductive?
Copper more than 7 times more conductive than steel.
Steel is more than 40 times more conductive than concrete.
T or F:
The effects of radiation decrease as the distance between substances increases
True
Response of skin to heat
111F skin starts to feel pain 118F first degree burn 131F second degree burn 140F tissue becomes numb 162F skin is instantly destroyed
Response of substances to heat
212F water boils 284F glass temp of polycarbonate 446F melting temp of polycarbonate (SCBA facepiece) 482F cotton starts charring 572F PPE starts charring 1112F Temp inside post flashover room
Reducing agent
the fuel that is being burned
Standard SI unit for power
Watt
1 watt = 1 J/s (joule per second)
Vapor density
density of gas related to air.
Air is given a value of 1.
Vapor density and ignition temp of Methane
Vapor density = 0.55
Ignition temp = 1004F (540C)
Vapor density and ignition temp of Propane
Vapor density = 1.52
Ignition temp = 842F (450C)
Vapor density and ignition temp of Carbon Monoxide
Vapor density = .96
Ignition temp = 1128F (620C)
Specific gravity
mass of a substance compared to an equal mass of water. Less than 1 floats. More than 1 sinks
vapor pressure
the pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase.
Basically how fast a liquid will evaporate.
Flash point
temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to ignite but not sustain combusion
Fire point
temperature at which piloted ignition o sufficient vapors will begin sustained combustion.
Miscible materials
will mix in water in any proportion
Polar Solvents
flammable liquids such as alcohols.
mix readily with water
Temp for pyrolysis of wood to begin
less than 400F
Amount of oxygen in air
21 percent
At standard temp, materials can ignite and burn at what lowest oxygen concentration.
as low as 15% concentration
Percentage for oxygen deficient
19.5 percent oxygen
Percentage for oxygen enriched
23.5 percent
Percentage of oxygen where Nomex ignites and burns
31 percent
Flammable ranges of gases
Methane 5-15% Propane 2.1 - 9.5% CO 12-75% Gasoline 1.4 - 7.4% Diesel 1.3 - 6% Ethanol 3.3 - 19% Methanol 6 - 35.5%
Complete oxidation of Methane releases what?
CO2 and Water
