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2021 Lt Study > Tactics Book > Flashcards

Tactics Book Flashcards

1
Q

NFPA 1620

A

Pre-Incident planning

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2
Q

Pre-Incident survey

A

Assessment of facility before emergency occurs. Also called preplan.

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3
Q

Places of First concern when doing preplan

A

High life hazard properties.

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4
Q

Second priority for preplans

A

Places where people live and work

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5
Q

Fist step to completing a preplan

A

Building relationship with owner/occupant.

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6
Q

Preplan priorities are based on

A

Life safety risk
Property value
Frequency and severity of emergency happening

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7
Q

What consideration is addressed when recording contents and fuel load?

A

Fire control

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8
Q

NFPA 204

A

Smoke and Heat venting.

Design and install of venting.

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9
Q

Automatic heat and smoke vents

A

Highest part of the roof

Automatically open to vent.. usually by fusible link

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10
Q

Monitors for venting

A

Square or rectangle structures that penetrate the roof.

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11
Q

Generally what is an extended lay supply?

A

If the lay required more than 1 engines supply line.

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12
Q

NFPA 1142

A

Water supplies

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13
Q

NFA fire flow formula

A

(length x width)/3 x %involvment

Good for less that 50% involvement or less than 1000gpm

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14
Q

Automatic aid

A

Agreement between agencies that share common boundry.

Happens when certain predetermined conditions occur

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15
Q

Mutual Aid

A

Reciprocal agreement between 2 or more agencies

Usually based on a request basis

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16
Q

Type 4 building lumber size

A

Greater than 4 inches for structural members

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17
Q

What size gypsum must be applied w less than 2x10

A

1/2 inch on bottom side

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18
Q

HUD CFR 24 part 3280

A

Regulates manufactured housing

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19
Q

Manufactured homes

A

Most common unclass amd mostly prefab prior tondelivery

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20
Q

Modular construction

A

6%of factory built homes

Must comply with local bldg codes

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21
Q

Panelized homes

A

Fo between plywood panels are assembled onsite.

Typically 8 feet tall and up to 40 feet wide

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22
Q

Novoclimat homes

A

New standard most used in Quebec

More energy efficient

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23
Q

Fires in open floor plan will Initially be ___ controlled

Fuel
Ventilation

A

Initially fuel controlled

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24
Q

Compartmentalization typical prior to

A

1980s

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25
Q

Weight of water

A

US Gallon is 8.33 pounds
Imperial Gallon is 10 pounds

250 gpm add 1 ton per minute of water

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26
Q

NIST UL stidies

A

Dimensional lumber collapse 11:57
Engineered collapse 7:00
Limiting vent only slowed by 2:40

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27
Q

Lamella roof

A

Trussless arched

Relatively shirt timbers of uniform lemgth

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28
Q

Incident action plan also known as?

A

Building emergency plan

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29
Q

What requires NIMS to be use

A

Presidential Directive 5

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30
Q

Comand staff

A

Report directly to IC

PIO
Safety
Liaison

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31
Q

General staff

A

Represent the major functional sections

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32
Q

Sections in ICS

A

Org level that has major functional areas

Logs
Planning
Ops
Finance

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33
Q

Branch

A

Org level having functional and geographic responsibility

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34
Q

Division

A

Responsible for all ops within a geographic area

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35
Q

Group

A

Responsible for specific actions on scene

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36
Q

Unit

A

Fulfills specific support functions

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37
Q

Taskforce

A

A combination of resources for a specific mission

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38
Q

Strike Team

A

Group of resources of the same type

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39
Q

NFPA 1021

A

Fire officer 1

Requires officer to create IAP

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40
Q

NFPA 1561

A

FD IMS

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41
Q

Minimum number for a RIT team and optimum

A

2 persons

Optimum is 2 persons and an Officer

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42
Q

Best resource for facts when you first arrive on scene?

A

The observations of your crew members.

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43
Q

Ability to predict what happens next on scene is based on…?

A

Knowledge and Experience

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44
Q

NFPA 101

A

Life Safety Code

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45
Q

When is secondary search completed?

A

After Fire Under Control benchmark

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46
Q

Most common heated particles found in smoke

A

Tar, Soot, Carbon

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47
Q

Light colored or slow moving smoke can indicate

A

smoke has traveled distances from the origin

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48
Q

White smoke indicates

A

pyrolysis is occurring in areas adjacent to the main body of fire

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49
Q

White wispy smoke

A

pyrolysis in a compartment fire.

Should be considered fuel.

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50
Q

Smoke Explosion vs Backdraft and Flashover

A

Smoke explosion involves an ignition source and involves more than 1 compartment
Backdraft is a sudden introduction of oxygen and involves 1 compartment.

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51
Q

Brown Smoke

A

mid stage heating and mid to late stage heating.

Indication of burning.

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52
Q

Gray Smoke

A

combination of mixing.

can be mid stage heating or can be when different smoke areas combinie.

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53
Q

Black Smoke

A

high quantities of carbon.

Can be indication of amount of ventilation at seat of fire. Thicker smoke is less clean burning.

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54
Q

Thin Black smoke

A

direct result of heat from flame.
When active or fast moving, indicates fire near by.
Thin smoke with smooth lines exiting high in an opening and going straight up indicates flame driven smoke.

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55
Q

High Neutral Plane

A

Early stages of development.

or you are farther away from fire or fire above you.

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56
Q

Neutral plane centered

A

Fire beginning to be ventilation controlled and flashover conditions developing.

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57
Q

Low Neutral plane

A

Compartment reaching flashover conditions.

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58
Q

How does volume pushed smoke act?

A

Will flow neither smooth nor turbulent. It floats out of openings rising slow.

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59
Q

What does pulsating smoke indicate?

A

Ventilation limited conditions.

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60
Q

three common types of smoke movement

A

Floating, volume pushed, heat pushed

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61
Q

What does fast turbulent smoke indicate

A

established working fire

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62
Q

Plan of Operation

A

Another name for IAP.

Clearly identified strategic goal and the tactical objectives necessary to achieve it.

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63
Q

Flashover temp

A

1110 in ch 4

1100 in earlier ch

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64
Q

When were the Rules of Engagement developed by the IAFC

A

2010

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65
Q

First RoE for FF Survival

A

1) Size up area of operation

2) Determine Occupant survival profile

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66
Q

First IC Rule of Engagement for Safety

A

1) Rapidly conduct or obtain a 360 of the incident.

2) Determine occupant survival profile.

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67
Q

What area the 3 parts Means of Egress is composed of

A

Exit access, Exit, Exit Discharge

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68
Q

Metal clad doors also known as

A

Kalamein Doors.

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69
Q

Building Emergency Plan

A

Another name for IAP

70
Q

The life hazard to occupants is largely determined by?

A

Occupancy type and the time of day.

71
Q

The entry door to assembly occupancies can handle what percentage of the occupant load?

A

50 percent of the occupant load

72
Q

When should a FF be sent to rehab

A

After use of 2 air cylinders

73
Q

Institutional occupancies are…

A

Hospitals, Nursing Homes, daycare, detention centers

74
Q

What occupancy rate is considered assembly occupancy?

A

Gathering of 50 or more.

75
Q

Largest life loss fires occur in which occupancy?

A

Assembly occupancies

76
Q

About how many fires occur in vacant structures annually?

A

About 11,000

77
Q

How many civilians die in vacant structure fires?

A

Over 20 civilians each year

78
Q

How many firefighters are injured in vacant structure fires

A

6,000 FF injured.

79
Q

Difference between Abandoned and Vacant

A

length of time the location has been unused.

80
Q

How does humidity affect smoke?

A

High humidity can cause smoke to remain close to the ground.

81
Q

When is a fire considered under control?

A

When it is incapable of growing larger due to control measures in place.
No added oxygen, fuel, or heat will result in growth.

82
Q

LODD due to cardiac arrest

A

1970s=2.6 per 100,000

1990s=1.9 per 100,000

83
Q

LOD deaths due to trauma

A

1970s=1.8 per 100k

1990s= almost 3 per 100k

84
Q

When to conduct a PAR

A

Every 10 to 20 minutes
In accordance with SOP
When a major change in condition occurs

85
Q

What elements released with complete combustion of methane?

A

CO and Formaldehyde

86
Q

What elements released with complete oxidation of methane

A

CO2 and Water

87
Q

Oriented Search

A

Team leader stays in a fixed location to help keep the teams orientation. Uses a TIC to increase efficiency.

88
Q

VEIS

A

Vent Enter Isolate Search. Done when its suspected or probable a victim is present in a specific room with direct access.

89
Q

Most efficient attack on fuel controlled fires

A

Direct attack

90
Q

Most efficient attack on ventilation controlled fires

A

Indirect attack

91
Q

Gas Cooling method

A

reduces heat from the hot gas layer.
effective when facing a shielded fire
High heat, rollover, flashover conditions

92
Q

Positive pressure attack

A

most effective on fires confined to a compartment
use high volume fans before suppression to force heat and smoke to desired exhaust.
Exhaust-to-intake ratio must be greater than 1

93
Q

Medical Surveillance

A

Rehab function intended to monitor responders vitals and incident stress level.

94
Q

When should attempt be made to determine cause and point of origin?

A

After fire extinguishment and prior to overhaul.

95
Q

Tactical Ventilation

A

planned, systematic and coordinated removal of heat and gases from a structure, replacing ghem with coller fresh air.
Coordinated with fire suppression.

96
Q

Footprint of a house has increased by how much between 1973 and 2008

A

increased by 150%

97
Q

Lot size has decreased by how much between 1973 and 2008

A

Decreased by 25%

98
Q

What is the most important weather related influence on structure fire?

A

Wind

99
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

less emphasis on exhaust to intake ratio.

completed after fire suppression

100
Q

High rise structures require how many more personnel than low rise structures

A

Often requires 4 to 6 times as many personnel to complete search and rescue and firefighting operations.

101
Q

Firefighters should have a scientific understanding of?

A

Combustion, fire, heat, and temperature

102
Q

Combustion

A

a chemical process of oxidation at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of glow or flame

103
Q

Fire

A

rapid oxidation process. This is a gas phase chemical reaction

104
Q

Oxidation

A

When a substance combines with oxygen. example is rust

105
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to perform work

106
Q

Heat of combustion

A

the potential energy available for release in the combustion process

107
Q

The rate at which fuel releases energy over time depends on….?

A

Chemical composition, Arrangement, Density of fuel, available oxygen for combustion.

108
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Kinetic energy associated with the random motions of the molecules of a material

109
Q

SI system unit to measure energy

A

Joule

110
Q

The quantity of heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

A

4.2 Joules

111
Q

Customary Unit measurement of heat?

A

BTU

112
Q

BTU?

A

the amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree F

113
Q

1 BTU - ? Joules

A

1 BTU= 1,055 Joules

114
Q

Exothermic vs Endothermic

A

Exothermic releases energy.

Endothermic absorbs energy

115
Q

Pyrolysis

A

chemical off-gassing in solids

The chemical decomp of a solid by heating

116
Q

vaporization

A

chemical change in liquids

Physical process that changes liquid into a gaseous state.

117
Q

rate of vaporization depends on?

A

the substance involved, heat, pressure, and exposed surface

118
Q

Piloted ignition

A

when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat to start combustion reaction

Most common form of ignition

119
Q

Autoignition

A

initiation of combustion by heat but without spark

120
Q

Autoignition temperature

A

lowest temp which a combustible ignites without spark or flame

121
Q

How many types of combustion?

A

2 types of combustion. Flaming and nonflaming

122
Q

___ is where the combustion process begins?

A

Ignition

123
Q

According to Ch 1, what causes most fire deaths?

A

Exposure to toxic gases found in smoke and/or lack of oxygen

124
Q

Combustion is incomplete when?

A

Any of the fuel is left after combustion has occurred.

Smoke and ash are examples

125
Q

Complete combustion of Methane in air produces?

A

Heat, light, water vapor, and carbon dioxide

126
Q

Wood and cotton are examples of what type of fuel?

A

Carbon based fuels

127
Q

Plastics and synthetic fabrics are examples of what type of fuel?

A

Hydrocarbon based fuels

128
Q

When air supply is limited, incomplete combustion increases or decreases?

A

Incomplete combustion increases with limited air suppply

129
Q

CO properties

A

colorless, odorless gas.
product of incomplete combustion
combines with hemoglobin more than 200 times faster than oxygen.
decreases the bloods ability to carry oxygen
Exposure to 0.2% = unconscious in 30 minutes

130
Q

Formaldehyde Properties and effects

A

colorless gas with pungent irritating odor
50-100ppm can cause severe irritation to resp tract
High concentrations can cause injury to skin

131
Q

HCN( Hydrogen Cyanide) effects/properties

A

colorless and flammable
liquid below 79F and is produced by nitrogen bearing substances.(think synthetic fibers as well as cotton and wool)
35 times more toxic than CO
Prevents the body from using oxygen at cellular level

132
Q

CO2 - Carbon dioxide effects/properties

A

product of combustion of organic materials.
displaces existing oxygen
Respiratory stimulant, increases resp rate

133
Q

How many irritant found in smoke

A

More than 20.

including formaldehyde, acrolein, and hydrogen chloride

134
Q

What is considered standard temperature?

A

68F

135
Q

What happens to gases at standard temperature and atmospheric pressure

A

gases remain calm and move very little

136
Q

Convective flow

A

heated gases are buoyant and flow up and out. Cooler air travels inward toward the fire.

137
Q

heat release rate

A

the total amount of heat released per unit time

138
Q

heat flux

A

measure of the rate of heat transferred from a surface. Typically measured in kW/M2

139
Q

convert F to C

A

F = (C x 18) + 32

140
Q

Convert C to F

A

C = (F - 32) / 1.8

141
Q

What indicates the real measure of how long PPE will protect you in a building?

A

Heat Flux to the PPE.

142
Q

Most common source of heat in combustion reaction?

A

Chemical Energy

143
Q

3 materials listed as spontaneous heating

A

Charcoal
Linseed oil soaked rags
Hay and Manure

144
Q

Resistance heating (electrical energy)

A

current flowing through a conductor produces heat.

145
Q

Overload or Overcurrent

A

current flowing through a conductor exceeds its designed limits.

146
Q

Arcing

A

high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or though a medium.

147
Q

Sparking

A

luminous particles formed from arcing

148
Q

What generates mechanical energy

A

Friction or Compression

149
Q

Conductivity of metals. Which is most conductive?

A

Copper more than 7 times more conductive than steel.

Steel is more than 40 times more conductive than concrete.

150
Q

T or F:

The effects of radiation decrease as the distance between substances increases

A

True

151
Q

Response of skin to heat

A 
111F skin starts to feel pain
118F first degree burn
131F second degree burn
140F tissue becomes numb
162F skin is instantly destroyed
152
Q

Response of substances to heat

A 
212F water boils
284F glass temp of polycarbonate
446F melting temp of polycarbonate (SCBA facepiece)
482F cotton starts charring
572F PPE starts charring
1112F Temp inside post flashover room
153
Q

Reducing agent

A

the fuel that is being burned

154
Q

Standard SI unit for power

A

Watt

1 watt = 1 J/s (joule per second)

155
Q

Vapor density

A

density of gas related to air.

Air is given a value of 1.

156
Q

Vapor density and ignition temp of Methane

A

Vapor density = 0.55

Ignition temp = 1004F (540C)

157
Q

Vapor density and ignition temp of Propane

A

Vapor density = 1.52

Ignition temp = 842F (450C)

158
Q

Vapor density and ignition temp of Carbon Monoxide

A

Vapor density = .96

Ignition temp = 1128F (620C)

159
Q

Specific gravity

A

mass of a substance compared to an equal mass of water. Less than 1 floats. More than 1 sinks

160
Q

vapor pressure

A

the pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase.
Basically how fast a liquid will evaporate.

161
Q

Flash point

A

temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to ignite but not sustain combusion

162
Q

Fire point

A

temperature at which piloted ignition o sufficient vapors will begin sustained combustion.

163
Q

Miscible materials

A

will mix in water in any proportion

164
Q

Polar Solvents

A

flammable liquids such as alcohols.

mix readily with water

165
Q

Temp for pyrolysis of wood to begin

A

less than 400F

166
Q

Amount of oxygen in air

A

21 percent

167
Q

At standard temp, materials can ignite and burn at what lowest oxygen concentration.

A

as low as 15% concentration

168
Q

Percentage for oxygen deficient

A

19.5 percent oxygen

169
Q

Percentage for oxygen enriched

A

23.5 percent

170
Q

Percentage of oxygen where Nomex ignites and burns

A

31 percent

171
Q

Flammable ranges of gases

A 
Methane 5-15%
Propane 2.1 - 9.5%
CO  12-75%
Gasoline 1.4 - 7.4%
Diesel 1.3 - 6%
Ethanol 3.3 - 19%
Methanol 6 - 35.5%
172
Q

Complete oxidation of Methane releases what?

A

CO2 and Water

2021 Lt Study (5 decks)

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