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Psychology C2 - Research Methods > Taboo List > Flashcards

Taboo List Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

A statement of what the researchers wants to find out by their study

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

An exact and testable statement about what the researcher believes will happen in the study

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3
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Any hypothesis expect a null

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4
Q

Directional/one-tailed hypothesis

A

Predicts a change in one direction

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5
Q

Non directional/2-tailed hypothesis

A

Predicts that there will be the variables with have an effect (in no particular direction) on the outcome of a study

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6
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The assumption that there will be no effect or relationship between variables of a study

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7
Q

Independent variable

A

A variable that is directly manipulated by a researcher in order to test its effect on the DV

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8
Q

Dependant variable

A

The variable thats measured by a researcher

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9
Q

Co-variables

A

Variables that are in correlation; they must be related and continuous

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10
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely the co-variables in a correlational analysis are asociated

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11
Q

Extraneous variable

A

They do not act as another IV but they may have an effect on the Dv , they can effect the outcome of a study

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12
Q

Experiment

A

A research method where causal conclusions can be drawn because an independent variable has been deliberately manipulated to observe the effect on the DV

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13
Q

Lab experiement

A

An experiment conducted in a controlled environment where the IV is manipulated

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14
Q

Field experiment

A

A controlled experiement that is conducted outside a lab, the IV is still mainpulated so a relationship can be demonstrated

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15
Q

Natural/quasi experiment

A

A type of experiment in which the researcher cannot mainpualte variables , but records the natural effect on the DV

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16
Q

Observation

A

A method used by reserchers to asses the DV, can be structured or unstructured

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17
Q

Participant observation

A

A type of observation made by a participant who is taking part in the activity which is being observed

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18
Q

Non participant observation

A

The observer is seperate from the participant that is being observed

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19
Q

Content analysis

A

A kind of observational study that in which behaviour is identified in written or verbal material

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20
Q

Questionnaire’s

A

Data collected through the use of written questions

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21
Q

Interviews

A

A technique that involves face to face ‘real time’ interaction with another individual and ends with the data gathered being collected

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22
Q

Correlational study

A

A study that investigates the relationship between 2 or more variables without the researcher manipulating them

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23
Q

Case study

A

An investigation that involves a detailed study of a single individual , institution or event , its a rich record of experience

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24
Q

Pilot study

A

A small-scale ‘trial’ run of a study to test any aspect of a studies design , with an aim to make improvments

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25
Q

Brain scans

A

They are used to investigate the functioning of the brain by taking images of the living brain

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26
Q

P.E.T Scans

A

A method of brain scan that involves ingesting radioactive glucose and seeing which area of the brain is active

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27
Q

C.A.T Scans

A

A radiographic technique for quickly producing detailed 3D image of the brain or other tissues

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28
Q

M.R.I Scans

A

A technique that creates 30 detailed images of the brain via the use of magnetic fields and radio signals

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29
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

A study which is conducted over a long period of time. Often used alongside repeated measures design

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30
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

One group of participants are representative of one section of society and compared with ppts of another group , in order to compare ppts across populations

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31
Q

Self-report techniques

A

A way of gathering information where a ppt records their own behaviour

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32
Q

Online research

A

Refers to research is that is collected via the internet

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33
Q

Target population

A

The group of individuals a researcher is interested in and from whom they draw their sample from

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34
Q

Sample population

A

The sample of the target population that will participate in the research

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35
Q

Random sampling

A

A technique that involves every person in the sample population having an equal chance of selection

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36
Q

Systematic sampling

A

A sampling technique that involves selecting every Nth person

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37
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

A sample produced by selecting individuals who were simply available at the time

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38
Q

Stratified sampling

A

A sample produced by identifying subgroups (according to their frequency) in the target population , ppts are then randomly selected from these subgroups

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39
Q

Quota sampling

A

Ppts from subgroups are picked specifically due to being representative of the target population , this is not random

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40
Q

Self selected sampling

A

A sample of ppts that relies solely on volunteers to make it up

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41
Q

Snowball sampling

A

When ppts are encouraged to select other people they know to join the sample , it rellies on referrals from original ppts

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42
Q

Independent groups

A

Ppts are placed in separate groups , each group has one level of the IV

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43
Q

Repeated measures

A

All ppts receive all the levels of the IV as they participate in every condition

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44
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pairs of ppts are matched based off key variables such as age or IQ , each member of the pair is subjected to a different condition of the IV

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45
Q

Levels of measurement

A

the distinctions between different types of data . Nominal , Interval , Ratio and Ordinal
NOIR

46
Q

Nominal data

A

data that is categorical
e.g. cat , dog , mouse

47
Q

Ordinal data

A

data that is ordered
e.g. A,B,C grades

48
Q

Interval data

A

measured using equal intervals without a 0

e.g. IQ (you cant score 0)

49
Q

Ratio data

A

data that has a natural 0 point

e.g. amount of Money

50
Q

Bar Chart

A

A graphical representation used to represent the frequency of data . The categories on the X axis have no fixed order and there is no true o

51
Q

Pie chart

A

A cirucular graphical representation which is made out of ‘slices’ , with each slice representing a proportion of the total

52
Q

Line graph

A

A graphical representation that is used to display contious data on the X-axis , there is a dot to mark the top of each ‘bar’ , a line also connects these dots

53
Q

Scatter graph

A

A graphical representation which uses dots to represent values for two different numerical variables

54
Q

Histogram

A

A graphical representation that in which the number of scores in each category of continuous data, represented by vertical columns

55
Q

measure of central tendency

A

A descriptive statistic that provides a typical value

56
Q

measures of dispersion

A

They provide information on how spread out a set of data is

57
Q

Mean

A

sum of all the data divided by number of values

58
Q

Median

A

the middle value of a set of data after being formed into rank order

59
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occurring item in a set of data

60
Q

Standard deviation

A

it shows the amount of variation in a data set , it is used to asses the spread of data around a mean

61
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest value in a data set

62
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency?

A

mean , mode and median

63
Q

What are the two measures of dispersion?

A

Standard deviation and range

64
Q

What is a type one error?

A

its a false positive , it occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis when it is true it happens if a researcher is too lenient with the probability value

65
Q

What is a type two error

A

its a false negative , it occurs if an investigator accepts a null hypothesis when it is false . it happens if a researcher is too stringent with the probability value

66
Q

Spearman Rho

A

used to test a study of correlation , the observed value must be great than the critical value for results to be significant

67
Q

Wilcoxon T test

A

used in a study with repeated measures , with ordinal , interval or ratio data and in a test of difference , in which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant

68
Q

Sign T test

A

used in a study with repeated measures , with nominal data and in a test of difference in which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant

69
Q

Mann Whitney U test

A

used in a study which is uses independent groups , with ordinal , interval or ratio data and in a test of difference which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant

70
Q

degrees of freedom formula

A

(rows - 1) x (columns - 1)

71
Q

Chi Squared

A

used in a study which is a uses Independent groups , with nominal data and in a test of difference , the observed value must be great than the critical value for results to be significant

Df is needed to read table

72
Q

Relability

A

The overall consistency of results

73
Q

Validity

A

The overall realisn of a study and its results

74
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between two or more researchers involved in the observation of behaviour

75
Q

Spilt half method

A

A method of assessing internal reliability, by comparing to half of a test to see if the scores coincide with eachother

76
Q

Test-retest

A

Used to check internal relability , done by testing a participant and then testing them again after they would have forgotten the details

77
Q

Face validity

A

A form of external validity , it is the extent to which test items seem like they test what they claim to measure

78
Q

Content validity

A

Aims to demonstrate that the content of a test represents the area of interest

79
Q

Demand characteristics

A

A variable that makes ppts unconsciously aware of the study or any clue that may allow a ptt to guess the aim

80
Q

Single blind technique

A

It is when ppts arent make aware of the studys aim until after , where it is revealed in the debrief

81
Q

Double blind technique

A

When neither the ppt nor the researcher knows the true aim of the study

82
Q

Ethical committes

A

A group of people within a research institution that must aprove a study before it begins , in order to protect ppts

83
Q

How do we deal with ethical committies?

A

We can make sure our study follows all ethical guidelines ; for example , having a valid brief and debrief

84
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

A set of principles designed to help professionals behave with integrity and honesty

85
Q

How do we work with ethical guidelines?

A

We comply with the guidelines

86
Q

Confidentiality

A

Concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another , in hope that their data will be protected

87
Q

How can we help ppts stay confidential?

A

We can give fake names and publish 0 personal data of ppts in our study

88
Q

Privacy

A

A person right to control their own data

89
Q

How can we keep ppts aware of their right to mantain privacy?

A

Remind of their right to withdraw during the brief and debrief and that if they do withdraw , their data is destroyed

90
Q

Deception

A

The ppt not being told the true aim of a study

91
Q

How do we deal with deception?

A

We inform ppts of the true aim during the debrief

92
Q

Risk of psychological harm

A

Participant may encounter a number of negative feelsinga during the study

93
Q

How do we reduce the risk of psychological harm for ppts?

A

We would follow ethical guidelines and remind ppts of their right to withdraw at any time during the brief and debrief

94
Q

Risk of participant values or beliefs

A

When a ppts beliefs or values are challenged

95
Q

How do we reduce the risk of ppts beliefs or views being challenged?

A

We would follow ethical guidelines and remind ppts of their right to withdraw at any time during the brief and debrief

96
Q

Valid consent

A

Participants are given comprehensive information on the aim of the study , what it may include and still agree to take part

97
Q

How can valid consent be achieved?

A

Our brief or debrief must include aim and procudure and other variables that are deemed appropiate to inform ppts of

98
Q

Informed consent

A

Ppt makes a decision for their data to be used after the true aim is revealed to them

99
Q

How we gain informed consent?

A

Our debrief must reveal the true aim of our experiment

100
Q

Briefing and debriefing

A

Information given to ppts before and after a study , in order to reveal aims , procudure , and other factors such as right to withdraw

101
Q

What are the 7 stages of a Psychological report?

A

Abstract , introduction , method , results , discussion , references and apendix

102
Q

(Report sections) what is the Abstract?

A

The 1st section

It its a summary of the study , including aims , hypothesis , method , results and conclusions

103
Q

(Report sections) what is the Introduction?

A

2nd section

It is a review of previous studies and how it leads logically to the personal hypothesis

104
Q

(Report sections) what is the Method?

A

3rd section

It is a detailed description of what the researcher(s) did , with enough info for reduplication

105
Q

(Report sections) what are the Results?

A

4th section

Includes all the results the study gathered

106
Q

(Report sections) what is the Dicussion?

A

5th section

Where the researcher interprets the findings of the study

107
Q

(Report sections) what are the references?

A

6th section

Where all the references the study used get put

108
Q

(Report section) what is the appendix?

A

7th section

Where all the items the study used are put (e.g. brief , debrief , data tables)

109
Q

Peer review

A

When a study needs to be checked by specific individuals (experts) to check the validity of data gathered and the truth behind it

110
Q

Why are peer reviews used?

A

It’s used to prevent data that is flawed from being told to the public as it may be potentially harmful to individuals

111
Q

How is a peer review done?

A

Usaly serveral experts review the research , they will sugggest any edits or identify issue that they can see

This has 4 outcomes: the work is accepted , the work if accepted if changes are made , the work is rejected but edits are suggested , the work is rejected out right

Psychology C2 - Research Methods (11 decks)

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