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Pharmaceutics II FINAL > Tablets - Ch 8 > Flashcards

Tablets - Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

define tablets

A

solid dosage forms of medicinal substances that are usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical adjuncts (excipients)

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2
Q

name 6 tablet variables

A

size
shape
weight
hardness
color
disintegration characterisitcs

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3
Q

which are more expensive – tablet or capsules?

A

capsules are more expensive.

thus, an advantage of tablets is that they are made at low cost

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4
Q

how can the bitter taste of tablets be masked?

A

through sugar coating or film coating

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5
Q

true or false

tablets have a narrow range of drug release

A

FALSE – they have a broad range of drug release

they can be immediate release, delayed release, controlled release, etc

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6
Q

true or false

tablets have a possibility of variable dosage strength, which is an advantage

A

true

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7
Q

true or false

a disadvantage of tablets is that they are not precise and accurate with their dosing

A

false - they are precise and accurate with their dosing

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8
Q

which have a longer shelf life – tablets or liquids?

A

tablets have a longer shelf life. thus, an advantage of tablets is that they are durable and stable

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9
Q

true or false

tablets are convenient to handle and administer

A

true

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10
Q

it is difficult to formulate tablets for what kind of drug?

A

a water insoluble drug for large doses

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11
Q

true or false

a disadvantage of tablets is that children and the elderly may have difficulty swallowing it

A

true

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12
Q

what kind of drugs CANNOT be compressed to form tablets

A

those with an amorphous nature, that flocculate, and that have a low density

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13
Q

true or false

an advantage of tablets is that they can be extemporaenously prepared

A

FALSE - they cannot (be prepared spur of the moment)

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14
Q

what is another name for diluent?
what are the requirements for it to be included in the tablet dosage form?

A

diluents/fillers add the necessary bulk to the formulation

must be:

-able to be compressed
-physically and chemically stable
-compatible with the pt population

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15
Q

what is another name for binders and what is the purpose of it in the tablet dosage form?

A

binders/adhesives

add cohesive properties to the tablet. promote adherence of the particles in the formulation

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16
Q

true or false

binders are added as dry powders into the formulation

A

true

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17
Q

what is the concern with binders/adhesives?

A

it may decrease dissolution and solubility and promote complexation

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18
Q

what is the most common disintegrant/disintegrating agent in the tablet dosage form

A

corn starch/potato starch

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19
Q

what is the function of disintegrants in tablets

A

promote the breakup of tablets after administration into smaller particles that are ready for availability

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20
Q

when in the tablet making process are disintegrants added?

A

during and after granulation

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21
Q

explain the action of disintegrants

A

swelling and capillary action to ensure disintegration

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22
Q

what is the “oil to the system” in tablet formulation?

A

lubricant
glidant
antiadherent
lubricant agents

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23
Q

too much of antiadherents/glidants/lubricants/lubricating agents can cause what?

A

waterproofing

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24
Q

reduces friction with the tablet machine

A

lubricant

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25
Q

what does a glidant do?

A

allows the flow of the granulation or powder mixture

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26
Q

name some miscellaneous adjuncts that are added in tablet formulation

A

colorants
flavorants
sweeteners

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27
Q

when is the coating of tablets done?

A

after the tablet is made

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28
Q

for the COLOR of tablets, what kind of colors are more attractive?

A

pastels

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29
Q

what is the most common diluent for tablets

A

lactose

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30
Q

what is the most convenient type of tablet to make and is most common

A

compressed tablets

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31
Q

how are compressed tablets prepared?
are they coated or uncoated?

A

prepared by a single compression of the formulation (drug + excipients).
high pressure application using steel punches and dies, to powders or granules

they are GENERALLY uncoated but they may get sugar or film coating after compression

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32
Q

what are hypodermic tablets?

A

not used anymore

used to be tablet triturates that were used by physicans in the extemporaenous (fast – as needed) preparation of parenteral solutions

of tablets would be dissolved in suitable vehicle for injection

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33
Q

what are dispensing tablets

A

like hypodermic tablets, also not used anymore

they were NOT dispensed to the patient

it was a convenient quantity of a potent drug used by the pharmacist to compound a prescription for other dosage forms like powders or liquids

were dangerous in that they might accidentally be dispensed to patients

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34
Q

what are multiple compressed tablets?

A

prepared by more than single compressions – usually contains 2 or 3 layers and each layer contains a diff drug or inert excipient OR layers contain the SAME DRUG but provides a different release profile due to diff formulation

35
Q

give 3 reasons for multiple compressed tablets

A

incompatability between drugs

desire to have the drug release in stages

to provide color coding ot a unique appearance

36
Q

as mentioned, one of the reasons for mutliple compressed tablets is the incompatibility of drugs

give an example of when this would be the case

A

if there is an anionic and cationic dru

37
Q

one of the reasons for multipls compressed tablets is so that the drug can release in stages

give 2 examples

A

to provide repeated action

to provide prolonged action

38
Q

one of the reasons for multiple compressed tablets is color coding or a unique appearance

give 2 ex

A

for product identification

for aesthetic appeal

39
Q

for multiple compressed tablets, which is more common —

-a core of one drug and a shell of another

-a layered tablet of 2 drugs

A

layered tablet of 2 drugs is more common

the core or one drug and shell of another is more difficult to make

40
Q

what are sugar coated tablets?

A

compressed tablets which are coated with colored or uncolored sugar(s)

41
Q

true or false

sugar coated tablets are compressed tablets coated with uncolored sugars

A

false – sugar may be colored or uncolored

42
Q

true or false

sugar coating dissolves QUICKLY in GI fluids to release the drug

A

true - the sugar coating is water soluble

43
Q

name 3 reasons for adding sugar coating to a compressed tablet

A

-enhance aesthetic appeal

-mask the unpleasant taste or odor

-enhance stability by protecting the drug agaonst degradation by air, humidty, and radiation

44
Q

true or false

sugar coating can enhance stability

A

true - protect against degradation brought on by air, humidity, radiation

45
Q

name 4 disadvantages of sugar coated tablets

A

time consuming
expensive
requires specialized expertise
increases the tablet weight and size by up to 50% or more

46
Q

1 of the disadvantages of sugar coated tablets is that it is time consuming to make. how long?

A

at least a week

47
Q

true or false

the addition of sugar coating to tablets may make it hard to swallow

A

true – due to weight and size increase

48
Q

how are film coated tablets prepared

A

by coating a COMPRESSED TABLET with a thin layer of either water soluble or water insoluble POLYMERIC film

49
Q

sugar coated was eventually somewhat replaced with film coating. why?

A

due to advancements in polymeric science

50
Q

what is the film used in film coated tablets?

A

water soluble or water insoluble polymers

HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose)
HPMC
EC

51
Q

name 2 reasons for film coated tablets

A

-to protect the drug against atmospheric degradation by air. humidty, radiation (same as sugar coating)

-sometimes, to alter the dissolution profile

52
Q

explain how film coated tablets can alter the dissolution profile

A

changing the functional groups on cellulose groups is done to alter the water solubility

if the polymer used for the film coating is 100% water soluble, the drug will release in the stomach

if 50%, only 50% will be released in the stomach

totally water insoluble is not good bc it won’t release at all in the GI

53
Q

which is less time consuming and less difficult to apply - sugar coating or film coating?

A

film coating – takes a few hours

sugar coating takes at least a week

54
Q

which coating has WORSE mechanical strength - sugar or film coating?

A

sugar coating

55
Q

which coating is elastic and flexible - sugar or film coating

A

film coating

56
Q

true or false

most tablets are film coated

A

true

57
Q

for which coating is it difficult to make an automated and continuous process - sugar coating or film coating

A

sugar coating

easy for film coating

58
Q

Which coating causes LITTLE increase in tablet weight and size

A

film coating

59
Q

what is Gelcap

A

a capsule shaped COMPRESSED TABLET that has a gelatin coating

60
Q

what are some advantages of gel cap?

A

-gelatin coating facilitates swallowing

-more tamper evident than an unsealed capsule

-coated product is about a third smaller than a true capsule filled with the same amount of powder

-does not need disintegration test bc it is a loose powder

61
Q

true or false

unsealed capsules are more tamper evident than gelcap

A

FALSE

gel cap is more tamper evident

62
Q

enteric coated tablets have ______ release features

A

delayed

63
Q

how are enteric coated tablets prepared?

A

by coating a COMPRESSED tablet with polymeric materials which RESIST DISSOLUTION OR DISRUPTION IN ACIDIC ENVRIONMENT of gastric fluids, but does NOT resist dissolution or disruption in the intestines

64
Q

enteric coating is designed to dissolve where?

A

only in the INTESTINAL fluid where the pH is slightly acidic to alkaline

65
Q

true or false

in enteric coated tablets, the majority of the drug is absorbed in the small intestine

A

true

66
Q

name 2 reasons for enteric coated tablets

A

to protect an acid labile (unstable) drug from the gastric fluid

-to bypass the stomach if doing so will enhance the drug absorption from the intestines to a significant extent

67
Q

true or false

enteric coated tablets are related to water solubility

A

false - related to pH

68
Q

true or false

both enteric and film coated tablets are made with a polymeric material

A

true

69
Q

what are buccal tablets?

A

intended to be eroded/dissolved SLOWLY in the buccal pouch. used where slow absorption of the drug is intended

70
Q

where are sublingual tablets intended to be dissolved

A

beneath the tongue, for absorption through the ORAL MUCOSA. they dissolve promptly to give RAPID drug effects

71
Q

true or false

buccal tablets provide rapid effects while sublingual tablets erode slowly

A

false - opposite

72
Q

what is the IDEAL duration for a buccal tablet?
what is the reality?

A

ideal - 24 hours so it only has to be used 1 time a day

however, 6-8 hrs is the reality time bc we have to eat

73
Q

for both buccal and sublingual tablets, what is an imperative counseling point to the patient

A

DO NOT SWALLOW THE SALIVA

the dose is not designed for stomach absorption

74
Q

name 3 reasons for buccal and sublingual tablets

A

-protect a drug that is destroyed by GI fluid

-protect the drug from extensive 1st pass effect

-provides better absorption of the drug from the ORAL MUCOSA that is poorly absorbed by the GI tract

75
Q

explain chewable tablets

A

designed to be chewed rather than swallowed

this brings about a smooth and rapid disintegration of the tablet which yields a creamy base in the mouth

76
Q

what is the choice if DILUENT for chewable tablets and why?

A

mannitol bc it provides a pleasant taste and a cooling sensation– palatability

77
Q

effervescent tablets are designed to do what?

A

to dissolve with effervescence (bubbles) when placed in water

this is the result of the reaction between tartaric and/or citric acid and the alkali metal of bicarbonates

carbon dioxide forms from this reaction and acts as a DISINTEGRATOR and produces effervescence which speeds up dissolution and enhances palatability

78
Q

give 2 examples of effervescent tablets

A

alka seltzer
effervescent aspirin tablets

79
Q

true or false

effervescent tablets form carbon dioxide which acts as a DISINTEGRATOR and hastens dissolution and enhances palatability

A

true

80
Q

give 2 reasons for effervescent tablets

A

increase palatability

provides immediate relief due to the increased dissolution rate form the effervescence produced by carbon dioxide

81
Q

in effervescent tablets, how is carbon dioxide produced?

A

reaction between tartaric acid and/or citric acid with an alkali metal or bicarbonates

82
Q

true or false

effervescent tablets are placed in water

A

true

83
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II FINAL (11 decks)

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