TA ppt's Exam 1 Flashcards
Bacteria vs. Fungi, which one has sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane?
fungi
Bacteria vs. fungi, which one has a cell wall comprised of chitin, glucans, & mannans?
fungi
____ is the most abundant molecule found in bacteria.
protein
bacteria vs. fungi. all of this is found on the structure of _____: flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and phospholipids.
bacteria
Flagella is composed of _____ protein.
flagellin
Name the three basic components of flagella.
basal body, hook, and filament
What is leifson’s method?
a staining technique to increase effective diameter so you can see the flagella.
what is monotrichous?
bacteria w/ 1 flagella and one end
lophotrichous?
multiple flagella at one end of bacteria
amphitrichous?
one flagella at each end of the bacteria
peritrichous?
multiple flagella all around bacteria
fimbriae/pili are common on what kind of bacteria?
gram (-)
____ is shorter and stiffer then flagellum, helps to adhere bacteria to surfaces.
F or sex pilus
____ _____ is the discrete detectable layer, outside cell wall.
true capsule
Slim or mucoid appearance of colonies indicate ___ production.
capsule
B. anthracis capsule is composed of ________.
poly-D-glutamate.
what is the purpose of the cell wall?
1) protect the underlying protoplast
2) provides ligands for adherence & receptor sites for drugs or viruses
What is the main component of the cell wall that differentiates it from Archaea?
murein (unique peptidoglycan)
What are some main difference between gram (+) & gram (-)?
Gram (-): has interpeptide bonds, thin peptidoglycan, thin cell wall surrounded by outer membrane thats composed of LPS (endotoxin)
Gram (+): has interpeptide bridges, thick cell wall, contains teichoic acids
What is the toxic portion of LPS (endotoxin) called?
lipid A
What is polysaccharide O? is it found on gram (+) or gram (-)?
it is the antigenic property that may provide adherence or resistance to phagocytosis. found on gram (-)
what bacteria has the shortest generation time?
E.coli (17 mins)
______ is the fastest technique for colony counting. dyes are used instead of gel. you get a +/- results along with how many.
Real time PCR
Define chemoheterotrophs
uses organic chemicals as energy
What are bacteria’s major source of nitrogen in culture media?
peptones
What are phosphates used for in bacteria?
essential for production of nucleic acids
What are sulphates used for?
required for synthesizng sulfur-containing amino acids
What are mesophiles?
grow at body temp (37 degrees C)
what are thermophiles?
like high temps (45-70 degrees C)
what are psychrophiles?
cold loving (10-15C) and are the main source of food spoilage in fridges
in hypertonic solutions, bacterial cells shrink except ____.
S. aureus
what is the universal currency for energy exchange?
ATP
What are the two ways cells can produce ATP? which one yields the most ATP?
substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) & electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) which yields most ATP (38)
In glycolysis you have a net gain of ___ ATP & ___ NADH per glucose.
2;2
Fermentation is a type of substrate phosphorylation with a net gain of ___ ATP.
2
Respiration is a type of electron transport phosphorylation which yields a net gain of __ATP
38
___ is transcribed from DNA, single stranded– transcription is reversible, codon.
mRNA
___ transfers genetic info (translation), transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis, anticodon.
tRNA
___ is a part of ribosomes from translation; comprises 70s ribosome
rRNA
what is silent mutation?
mutation occurs but same protein is made.
what is nonsense mutation?
change in 3rd base, changes codon to stop codon, not a full protein
what is missense mutation?
change in 1st base leading to different codon and faulty protein
what is transformation for bacteria?
genes transferred from one to another (cloning)– “naked” DNA
what are the 3 ways bacteria can transfer genes?
transformation, conjugation, transduction
what is conjugation?
plasmids transferred via a pilus
what is transduction?
DNA transferred via a virus
___= amplification of DNA in vitro.
PCR
What are the three steps of PCR?
1) denaturation (94C releases single stranded DNA for next round of synthesis)
2) annealing (55C attaches primers to template)
3) extension (72C DNA synthesis occurs)
what is the equation for sensitivity?
[TP/(TP+FN)] x 100%
what is the equation for specificity?
[TN/(TN+FP)] x 100%
What is real time PCR?
it is like PCR but with 1 additional step. instead of using DNA as template use RNA & do reverse transcriptase.
how do bacteria avoid phagocytes?
1) remain in internal tissues
2) avoid provoking an inflammatory response
3) inhibit phagocyte chemotaxis
4) hide antigenic surface of bacteria w/ “self” peptide
