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semester 3: bact > TA ppt's Exam 1 > Flashcards

TA ppt's Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria vs. Fungi, which one has sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane?

A

fungi

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2
Q

Bacteria vs. fungi, which one has a cell wall comprised of chitin, glucans, & mannans?

A

fungi

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3
Q

____ is the most abundant molecule found in bacteria.

A

protein

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4
Q

bacteria vs. fungi. all of this is found on the structure of _____: flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and phospholipids.

A

bacteria

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5
Q

Flagella is composed of _____ protein.

A

flagellin

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6
Q

Name the three basic components of flagella.

A

basal body, hook, and filament

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7
Q

What is leifson’s method?

A

a staining technique to increase effective diameter so you can see the flagella.

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8
Q

what is monotrichous?

A

bacteria w/ 1 flagella and one end

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9
Q

lophotrichous?

A

multiple flagella at one end of bacteria

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10
Q

amphitrichous?

A

one flagella at each end of the bacteria

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11
Q

peritrichous?

A

multiple flagella all around bacteria

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12
Q

fimbriae/pili are common on what kind of bacteria?

A

gram (-)

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13
Q

____ is shorter and stiffer then flagellum, helps to adhere bacteria to surfaces.

A

F or sex pilus

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14
Q

____ _____ is the discrete detectable layer, outside cell wall.

A

true capsule

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15
Q

Slim or mucoid appearance of colonies indicate ___ production.

A

capsule

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16
Q

B. anthracis capsule is composed of ________.

A

poly-D-glutamate.

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

1) protect the underlying protoplast

2) provides ligands for adherence & receptor sites for drugs or viruses

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18
Q

What is the main component of the cell wall that differentiates it from Archaea?

A

murein (unique peptidoglycan)

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19
Q

What are some main difference between gram (+) & gram (-)?

A

Gram (-): has interpeptide bonds, thin peptidoglycan, thin cell wall surrounded by outer membrane thats composed of LPS (endotoxin)
Gram (+): has interpeptide bridges, thick cell wall, contains teichoic acids

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20
Q

What is the toxic portion of LPS (endotoxin) called?

A

lipid A

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21
Q

What is polysaccharide O? is it found on gram (+) or gram (-)?

A

it is the antigenic property that may provide adherence or resistance to phagocytosis. found on gram (-)

22
Q

what bacteria has the shortest generation time?

A

E.coli (17 mins)

23
Q

______ is the fastest technique for colony counting. dyes are used instead of gel. you get a +/- results along with how many.

A

Real time PCR

24
Q

Define chemoheterotrophs

A

uses organic chemicals as energy

25
Q

What are bacteria’s major source of nitrogen in culture media?

A

peptones

26
Q

What are phosphates used for in bacteria?

A

essential for production of nucleic acids

27
Q

What are sulphates used for?

A

required for synthesizng sulfur-containing amino acids

28
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

grow at body temp (37 degrees C)

29
Q

what are thermophiles?

A

like high temps (45-70 degrees C)

30
Q

what are psychrophiles?

A

cold loving (10-15C) and are the main source of food spoilage in fridges

31
Q

in hypertonic solutions, bacterial cells shrink except ____.

A

S. aureus

32
Q

what is the universal currency for energy exchange?

A

ATP

33
Q

What are the two ways cells can produce ATP? which one yields the most ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) & electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) which yields most ATP (38)

34
Q

In glycolysis you have a net gain of ___ ATP & ___ NADH per glucose.

A

2;2

35
Q

Fermentation is a type of substrate phosphorylation with a net gain of ___ ATP.

A

2

36
Q

Respiration is a type of electron transport phosphorylation which yields a net gain of __ATP

A

38

37
Q

___ is transcribed from DNA, single stranded– transcription is reversible, codon.

A

mRNA

38
Q

___ transfers genetic info (translation), transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis, anticodon.

A

tRNA

39
Q

___ is a part of ribosomes from translation; comprises 70s ribosome

A

rRNA

40
Q

what is silent mutation?

A

mutation occurs but same protein is made.

41
Q

what is nonsense mutation?

A

change in 3rd base, changes codon to stop codon, not a full protein

42
Q

what is missense mutation?

A

change in 1st base leading to different codon and faulty protein

43
Q

what is transformation for bacteria?

A

genes transferred from one to another (cloning)– “naked” DNA

44
Q

what are the 3 ways bacteria can transfer genes?

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

45
Q

what is conjugation?

A

plasmids transferred via a pilus

46
Q

what is transduction?

A

DNA transferred via a virus

47
Q

___= amplification of DNA in vitro.

A

PCR

48
Q

What are the three steps of PCR?

A

1) denaturation (94C releases single stranded DNA for next round of synthesis)
2) annealing (55C attaches primers to template)
3) extension (72C DNA synthesis occurs)

49
Q

what is the equation for sensitivity?

A

[TP/(TP+FN)] x 100%

50
Q

what is the equation for specificity?

A

[TN/(TN+FP)] x 100%

51
Q

What is real time PCR?

A

it is like PCR but with 1 additional step. instead of using DNA as template use RNA & do reverse transcriptase.

52
Q

how do bacteria avoid phagocytes?

A

1) remain in internal tissues
2) avoid provoking an inflammatory response
3) inhibit phagocyte chemotaxis
4) hide antigenic surface of bacteria w/ “self” peptide

semester 3: bact (4 decks)

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