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Semester 3: BacT > Scorpio's Section > Flashcards

Scorpio's Section Flashcards

1
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

via binary fission

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2
Q

what is generation time?

A

length of time required for a single bacterial cell to yield 2 daughter cells

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3
Q

what influences generation time for bacteria?

A

genetics & environmental factors

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4
Q

Bacterial growth undergoes 4 phases. Name each and describe them.

A

1) Lag phase: time when bacteria gathers the essential constituents in order to replicate.
2) Log phase: they replicate in exponential numbers
3) Stationary phase: no longer are increasing in #, plateau phase.
4) Decline phase: cell death is exponential. bacteria reproduced beyond nutrients provided by the agar so they die.

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5
Q

what is turbidity measurements?

A

its not sensitive; the extent of cloudiness is equivalent to the extent of bacterial cells. more cloudiness= lots of bacteria. no cloudiness= no bacteria.

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6
Q

What is Real-time PCR?

A

counting the # of bacterial cells in a sample quantified based on the detection of [DNA]. this technique is fast and accurate.

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7
Q

When it comes to bacterial nutrition, what kind of “-trophs” are they? And what does the name mean?

A

chemoheterotrophs- uses organic chemicals as sources of energy & carbon

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8
Q

Bacterial nutrition: most bacteria requires ____ & ____ in relatively large amounts.

A

carbon & nitrogen

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9
Q

In culture media what is the main source of nitrogen for bacteria?

A

peptones

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10
Q

What are three other things that bacteria require to grow in a medium?

A

phosphates, sulphates, & trace elements

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11
Q

What are growth factors?

A

these are essential substances required for biosynthesis

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12
Q

Growth of bacteria in culture is influenced by 5 things.

A

1) temperature
2) hydrogen ion concentration
3) availability of moisture
4) atmospheric composition
5) osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Definition: organisms with an optimum growth near 37 degrees C (body temp)

A

mesophiles

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14
Q

Definition: organisms with an optimum temp beween 45 - 70 degrees C

A

thermophiles

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15
Q

definition: archaea with an optimum T of 80 degrees or higher

A

extreme thermophiles or hyperthermophiles

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16
Q

definition: cold-loving organisms that can grow in a fridge

A

psychrophiles

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17
Q

Bacteria require ____ for growth, and species vary widely in their susceptibility to desiccation.

A

water

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18
Q

Bacterial cells in the environment are usually present in ____ solutions. In ____ solutions, bacterial cells undergo shrinkage.

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

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19
Q

Metabolism has an energy- generating component called _____.

A

catabolism

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20
Q

Metabolism has an energy-consuming component called _____.

A

anabolism

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21
Q

_____ rxns produce energy as ATP.

A

catabolic

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22
Q

_____ is energy temporarily conserved in “high energy bond”

A

ATP

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23
Q

What are the two ways cells can fundamentally produce ATP?

A

1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) electron transport phosphorylation
Simple: via glucose & respiration

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24
Q

Heterotrophic metabolism is driven mainly by two metabolic processes: ____ & _____.

A

fermentations & respirations

25
Describe in general glycolysis.
uses glucose to generate 2 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvates which is used in cellular respiration
26
In fermentation all ATP are produced by ____ _____ _____.
substrate level phosphorylation
27
Fermentation of Ethanol, ____ (specific ex) uses this under anaerobic condition and it creates a net gain of ___ ATP.
Yeast; 2
28
Fermentation of Lactate Slide: Many organisms will also ferment pyruvic acid into, other chemicals, such as ____ ____.
lactic acid
29
Respiration processes such as Kreb's cycle & Electron Transport occur in the ____ of eukaryotes & the ____ in prokaryotes.
mitochondria; cytoplasm
30
In the transition reaction to Kreb's cycle, what is produced?
acetyl Co-A
31
How is ATP made in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
ADP is reduced by a gain of electrons --> ATP!
32
How many ATP in total are made is Oxidative phosphorylation?
38 total
33
In what part of the cell does the electron transport system occur?
plasma membrane
34
Definition: study of genomes of organisms
genomics
35
Definition: entirety of an organism's genetic info
genome
36
Definition: a segment of chromosomal DNA that codes for functional products
gene
37
Define exon.
segment of gene that codes for useful things
38
Define intron.
segment of gene that doesnt encode anything, useless.
39
A bacterial cell possesses a ____ chromosome of a ____ circular molecules of DNA with associated proteins.
both blanks: single
40
DNA is anti-parallel,what does that mean?
the DNA run in opposite directions
41
____ are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA).
Nucleotides
42
What is the MAIN difference between RNA & DNA?
RNA has uracil & DNA has Thymine
43
What are 2 purines?
adenine & guanine
44
What are 2 pyrimidines?
Cytosine & thymine
45
Each strand of DNA has a ____ consisting of alternating sugar & phosphate groups
backbone
46
A ____ base is attached to each sugar in the backbone of DNA.
nitrogenous
47
Where on the helix can you find the sugar-phosphate backbone? (outside or inside)
on the inside
48
The backbone of DNA can be thought of as the ____ of a ladder, whereas the bases in the middle form the ____ of the ladder.
sides; rungs
49
Definition: this contain info that is transcribed from the DNA, and it is single stranded molecule complementary to DNA.
mRNA
50
Defnition: Transfer genetic info
tRNA
51
Definition: Components of ribosome
rRNA
52
What is the 'central dogma' of genetics?
DNA --> transcription --> RNA --> translation --> polypeptides subunits (proteins)
53
___ have closed, circular DNA.
bacteria
54
What are the most important things you have to know about the replication fork?
1) unzip DNA 2) then RNA polymerase & DNA polymerase come along which put the single RNA strand w/ the DNA strand 3) then it an encode w/ the entrons which can make proteins
55
What are the 3 ways in which RNA & DNA differ?
1) RNA is single stranded (DNA has double) 2) RNA has ribose sugar (DNA has deoxyribose) 3) Base pairing -A-U (A-T pairing for DNA)
56
what is the purpose of tRNA?
transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
57
what is the initiation-start codon for translation?
AUG
58
What terminated translation?
a stop codon
59
What are the 3 types of mutation? describe each
- silent mutation: mutation the miraculously make a normal protein - missense mutation: makes a faulty protein - nonsense mutation: makes an incomplete protein

Semester 3: BacT (4 decks)

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