Scorpio's Section Flashcards

1
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

via binary fission

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2
Q

what is generation time?

A

length of time required for a single bacterial cell to yield 2 daughter cells

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3
Q

what influences generation time for bacteria?

A

genetics & environmental factors

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4
Q

Bacterial growth undergoes 4 phases. Name each and describe them.

A

1) Lag phase: time when bacteria gathers the essential constituents in order to replicate.
2) Log phase: they replicate in exponential numbers
3) Stationary phase: no longer are increasing in #, plateau phase.
4) Decline phase: cell death is exponential. bacteria reproduced beyond nutrients provided by the agar so they die.

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5
Q

what is turbidity measurements?

A

its not sensitive; the extent of cloudiness is equivalent to the extent of bacterial cells. more cloudiness= lots of bacteria. no cloudiness= no bacteria.

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6
Q

What is Real-time PCR?

A

counting the # of bacterial cells in a sample quantified based on the detection of [DNA]. this technique is fast and accurate.

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7
Q

When it comes to bacterial nutrition, what kind of “-trophs” are they? And what does the name mean?

A

chemoheterotrophs- uses organic chemicals as sources of energy & carbon

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8
Q

Bacterial nutrition: most bacteria requires ____ & ____ in relatively large amounts.

A

carbon & nitrogen

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9
Q

In culture media what is the main source of nitrogen for bacteria?

A

peptones

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10
Q

What are three other things that bacteria require to grow in a medium?

A

phosphates, sulphates, & trace elements

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11
Q

What are growth factors?

A

these are essential substances required for biosynthesis

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12
Q

Growth of bacteria in culture is influenced by 5 things.

A

1) temperature
2) hydrogen ion concentration
3) availability of moisture
4) atmospheric composition
5) osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Definition: organisms with an optimum growth near 37 degrees C (body temp)

A

mesophiles

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14
Q

Definition: organisms with an optimum temp beween 45 - 70 degrees C

A

thermophiles

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15
Q

definition: archaea with an optimum T of 80 degrees or higher

A

extreme thermophiles or hyperthermophiles

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16
Q

definition: cold-loving organisms that can grow in a fridge

A

psychrophiles

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17
Q

Bacteria require ____ for growth, and species vary widely in their susceptibility to desiccation.

A

water

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18
Q

Bacterial cells in the environment are usually present in ____ solutions. In ____ solutions, bacterial cells undergo shrinkage.

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

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19
Q

Metabolism has an energy- generating component called _____.

A

catabolism

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20
Q

Metabolism has an energy-consuming component called _____.

A

anabolism

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21
Q

_____ rxns produce energy as ATP.

A

catabolic

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22
Q

_____ is energy temporarily conserved in “high energy bond”

A

ATP

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23
Q

What are the two ways cells can fundamentally produce ATP?

A

1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) electron transport phosphorylation
Simple: via glucose & respiration

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24
Q

Heterotrophic metabolism is driven mainly by two metabolic processes: ____ & _____.

A

fermentations & respirations

25
Q

Describe in general glycolysis.

A

uses glucose to generate 2 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvates which is used in cellular respiration

26
Q

In fermentation all ATP are produced by ____ _____ _____.

A

substrate level phosphorylation

27
Q

Fermentation of Ethanol, ____ (specific ex) uses this under anaerobic condition and it creates a net gain of ___ ATP.

A

Yeast; 2

28
Q

Fermentation of Lactate Slide: Many organisms will also ferment pyruvic acid into, other chemicals, such as ____ ____.

A

lactic acid

29
Q

Respiration processes such as Kreb’s cycle & Electron Transport occur in the ____ of eukaryotes & the ____ in prokaryotes.

A

mitochondria; cytoplasm

30
Q

In the transition reaction to Kreb’s cycle, what is produced?

A

acetyl Co-A

31
Q

How is ATP made in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ADP is reduced by a gain of electrons –> ATP!

32
Q

How many ATP in total are made is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

38 total

33
Q

In what part of the cell does the electron transport system occur?

A

plasma membrane

34
Q

Definition: study of genomes of organisms

A

genomics

35
Q

Definition: entirety of an organism’s genetic info

A

genome

36
Q

Definition: a segment of chromosomal DNA that codes for functional products

A

gene

37
Q

Define exon.

A

segment of gene that codes for useful things

38
Q

Define intron.

A

segment of gene that doesnt encode anything, useless.

39
Q

A bacterial cell possesses a ____ chromosome of a ____ circular molecules of DNA with associated proteins.

A

both blanks: single

40
Q

DNA is anti-parallel,what does that mean?

A

the DNA run in opposite directions

41
Q

____ are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA).

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

What is the MAIN difference between RNA & DNA?

A

RNA has uracil & DNA has Thymine

43
Q

What are 2 purines?

A

adenine & guanine

44
Q

What are 2 pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine & thymine

45
Q

Each strand of DNA has a ____ consisting of alternating sugar & phosphate groups

A

backbone

46
Q

A ____ base is attached to each sugar in the backbone of DNA.

A

nitrogenous

47
Q

Where on the helix can you find the sugar-phosphate backbone? (outside or inside)

A

on the inside

48
Q

The backbone of DNA can be thought of as the ____ of a ladder, whereas the bases in the middle form the ____ of the ladder.

A

sides; rungs

49
Q

Definition: this contain info that is transcribed from the DNA, and it is single stranded molecule complementary to DNA.

A

mRNA

50
Q

Defnition: Transfer genetic info

A

tRNA

51
Q

Definition: Components of ribosome

A

rRNA

52
Q

What is the ‘central dogma’ of genetics?

A

DNA –> transcription –> RNA –> translation –> polypeptides subunits (proteins)

53
Q

___ have closed, circular DNA.

A

bacteria

54
Q

What are the most important things you have to know about the replication fork?

A

1) unzip DNA
2) then RNA polymerase & DNA polymerase come along which put the single RNA strand w/ the DNA strand
3) then it an encode w/ the entrons which can make proteins

55
Q

What are the 3 ways in which RNA & DNA differ?

A

1) RNA is single stranded (DNA has double)
2) RNA has ribose sugar (DNA has deoxyribose)
3) Base pairing -A-U
(A-T pairing for DNA)

56
Q

what is the purpose of tRNA?

A

transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

57
Q

what is the initiation-start codon for translation?

A

AUG

58
Q

What terminated translation?

A

a stop codon

59
Q

What are the 3 types of mutation? describe each

A
  • silent mutation: mutation the miraculously make a normal protein
  • missense mutation: makes a faulty protein
  • nonsense mutation: makes an incomplete protein