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Bio 241 > T9 Locomotion > Flashcards

T9 Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

functions to contract in response to a stimulus.

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2
Q

Muscle

A

bundle of muscle fibres (muscle cells)

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3
Q

Myoblasts fuse

A

to form long multi-nucleate cell

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4
Q

Myofibrils

A

basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell (consist of alternating myosin and actin in stacks)

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5
Q

Myosin

A

thick filaments

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6
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

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7
Q

Sarcomeres

A

unit of skeletal muscle, arrangement of thick and thin filaments along length of myofibril

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8
Q

Sliding filament model

A

model of muscle contraction that shows how muscles generate force and produce movement

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9
Q

Muscles contract

A

when the myosin filaments pull the opposing actin filaments toward each other

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10
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle

A

as myosin attaches to actin, myosin pulls of actin, ATP is generated and myosin detaches, Atp is hydrolyzed

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11
Q

Force is generated

A

when number of cross-bridges between actin & myosin in sarcomere increase

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12
Q

more muscle cells/fibres

A

more sarcomeres

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13
Q

longer muscle cells/fibres

A

more sarcomeres

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14
Q

rapid contraction

A

decreases number of cross-bridges

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15
Q

Physiological limitations on energy production

A

limit rate of ATP production, delivery of O2 to muscles (takes time)

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16
Q

Aerobic oxidative respiration

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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17
Q

High mitochondria

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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18
Q

High myoglobin (stores O2)

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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19
Q

High vascularization

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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20
Q

Low glycogen

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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21
Q

Low power, endurance

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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22
Q

Dark meat

A

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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23
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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24
Q

Low mitochondria

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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25
Q

Low myoglobin

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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26
Q

Low vascularization

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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27
Q

High glycogen

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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28
Q

High power, bursts

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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29
Q

White meat

A

Fast Twitch (Type II)

30
Q

MRmax

A

Maximum metabolic rate

31
Q

Cells have metabolic pools of ATP

A

instant energy, used up fast

32
Q

Cells have metabolic pools of phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

instant backup pool of “ATP”

33
Q

Reactants PCr + ADP

A

Products Cr + ATP

34
Q

O2 Debt

A

use up cellular pools of ATP/PCr and produces lactic acid (anaerobic)

35
Q

Recovery Metabolism

A

replenishes cellular pools of ATP/PCr and removes lactic acid

36
Q

Metabolic scope

A
  • indicates the scope (capacity) for activity MRmaxRMR or MRsusRMR
37
Q

Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate

A

Energy (volume of oxygen) required to move 1 unit mass of an organism

38
Q

Cost of Transport (CoT)

A

Energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance.

39
Q

Inertia

A

tendency of a mass to resist a change in motion

40
Q

Momentum

A

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

41
Q

spend less energy overcoming drag than small organisms

A

Large organisms

42
Q

Forces acting on a runner

A

Gravity, Drag, Thrust, Muscle action

43
Q

Gravity on runners

A

Largest factor in activity budget

44
Q

Drag on runners

A

Force generated in opposition to thrust

45
Q

Muscle action on runners

A

constantly supporting our mass

46
Q

Thrust on runners

A

Energy needed for forward motion

47
Q

As velocity increases (muscles contract faster, more energy required)

A

limbs move faster

48
Q

Small runners have to work harder to move fast

A

limbs/muscles are shorter, more contact with ground

49
Q

As velocity increases, more energy can go towards generating forward motion

A

momentum increases, less contact with ground (less energy loss)

50
Q

Forces acting on a swimmer

A

Gravity, Drag, Thrust, buoyancy

51
Q

Gravity on swimmer

A

negligible factor in activity budget

52
Q

Drag on swimmer

A

Biggest cost to a swimmer (body plan (shape) adapted to minimize drag)

53
Q

Thrust on swimmer

A

Energy needed for forward motion

54
Q

Buoyancy on swimmer

A

generate neutral buoyancy (swim bladders)

55
Q

Skin friction drag

A

Viscous forces

56
Q

Pressure drag

A

Inertial forces

57
Q

larger swimmers

A

experience less skin friction drag

58
Q

As velocity increases, limbs move faster

A

muscles contract faster more energy required

59
Q

Small swimmers must work harder to move faster because of

A

shorter limbs/muscles

60
Q

As velocity increases,

A

pressure drag increases

61
Q

Forces acting on a flier

A

Gravity, Draag, Thrust, Lift

62
Q

Gravity on flier

A

more important at low velocities

63
Q

Thrust on flier

A

Energy needed for forward motion

64
Q

Drag on flier

A

more important at high velocities

65
Q

Lift on flier

A

force generated that counters gravity that increases with velocity

66
Q

larger fliers fight harder

A

against gravity due to greater mass

67
Q

larger fliers must work harder

A

to overcome drag

68
Q

Very small fliers have to work hard to move fast

A

continually beat wings to stay aloft

69
Q

This trend is reversed in medium to large fliers

A

larger fliers can glide to reduce energy expense

70
Q

energy expense to fight

A

gravity decreases

71
Q

energy expense to fight

A

drag increases

Bio 241 (3 decks)

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