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My bioooo > T8 > Flashcards

T8 Flashcards

1
Q

Type of circulation

A
  1. Closed circulation
  2. Double circulation
  3. Systemic circulation
  4. Pulmonary circulation
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2
Q

Closed Circulation

A

Blood always remain within blood vessels

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3
Q

Double circulation

A

Blood travels through the heart on one complete circuit; Has deoxygenated and oxygenated flows : systemic + pulmonary

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4
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped to all body tissues. After exchange of substances occurs in body tissues, the blood becomes deoxygenated. This deoxygenated blood is returned to the right atrium.

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5
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

The deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is pumped to the lungs. After exchanges of gases, the blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is then returned to the left atrium of the heart.

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6
Q

Three main types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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7
Q

Wall of each artery consist of :

A

3 layers,

  1. Tunica Interna/ Tunica Intima / Inner endothelium
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
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8
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  1. Pale yellow liquid
  2. Mostly water (90% water, 10% of plasma protein)

Plasma protein including antibodies (for immunity), fibrinogen (acts as clotting proteins) and albumin (for maintaining osmotic pressure of blood).

  1. Contains solutes ( glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, waste products - urea, gases - CO2 & O2)
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9
Q

Red Blood Cells are also called

A

Erythrocytes, which simply means ‘red cells’.

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10
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  1. Contain haemoglobin : red pigment; 4 haem group; carries 8 oxygen molecules
  2. Transport oxygen to respiring tissues
  3. Produced in the bone marrow
  4. Short lifespan (for about 4 months) because lack of nucleus & other organelles needed to maintain the cells.
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11
Q

Structure of RBC

A
  1. Biconcave Disc Shape
  2. Small
  3. Contains Haemoglobin
  4. No nucleus, no mitochondria & no endoplasmic reticulum
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12
Q

How structure of RBC is adapted to function

A
  • Biconcave disc shape
    1. Increases SA : V ratio; oxygen can diffuse into & out of the cell rapidly
    2. This shape enables RBCs to squeeze through the narrow lumen of blood capillaries
  • Small
    1. 7 micrometre, can fit in capillaries, hb are close to membrane ; oxygen is brought as close as possible to the respiring cells
  • Contains Hb
    1. Hb combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin readily at the lungs & releases oxygen readily at the respiring tissues.
  • No nucles/mitochondria/er
    1. absence of these organelles means that there is more space for Hb thus increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the cell.
    2. Lack of mitochondria forces RBCs to respire anaerobically so they do not consume the oxygen that they are carrying.
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13
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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14
Q

Function of veins

A

Return blood back towards the heart

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15
Q

Function of capillaries

A
  1. Link arteries to veins

2. Site of exchange of substances between the blood and the cells.

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16
Q

Condition of blood in arteries, veins & capillaries

A

Arteries

  • HIGH PRESSURE
  • Blood flow very rapidly
  • Blood flow in pulses

Veins

  • LOWEST PRESSURE
  • Blood flows slowly
  • Blood does not flow in pulses

Capillaries

  • Pressure in the blood is intermediate between thatbpf arteries & veins
  • Blood flows more slowly
  • Blood does not flow in pulses
17
Q

Function of Tunica Interna/ Tunica Intima/ Inner Endothelium

A

Minimises friction with moving blood

18
Q

Function of Tunica Media

A

Allows wall to stretch as pulses of blood surge through at high pressure

19
Q

Valves in artery

A

Valves are absent except aorta & pulmonary artery

20
Q

Valves in veins

A

Valves are present at intervals along the length of veins

21
Q

Valves in capillaries

A

Valves are absent

22
Q

White blood cells are also called

A

Leucocytes which simply means ‘white cells’

23
Q

White blood cells

A
  1. Part of body immune system & play a role in protecting the body from disease-causing organisms.
  2. It has a short lifespan (of few days, 5-21 days) so they are constantly made in the bone marrow
24
Q

Structure of WBC

A
  1. Have nucleus (but different shapes in different kinds of WBC)
  2. Larger than RBC (except lymphocytes)
  3. Spherical/irregular in shape
25
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Ventricular diastole
  4. Cycle repeat

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