T10 Flashcards
Pathogen of Cholera
Vibrio Cholerae
Type of pathogen in Cholera
Bacterium
Methods of transmission in cholera
Food-borne / Water-borne
Site of pathogen action in cholera
Walls of small intestine
Prevention for cholera
- Provide drainage and clean water supply
- Fully cooked meals
- Washing with clean water
Pathogen of Malaria
Plasmodium Falciparum / P. Vivax / P. Ovale / P. Malaria
Type of pathogen in Malaria
Protoctist
Methods of transmission in Malaria
Insect vector Anopheles female mosquito;
female because blood contains proteins to fertilise eggs;
also blood transfusion with unsterile needles
Site of pathogen action in Malaria
Liver, RBC, Brain
Prevention for Malaria
- Vaccine
- Reduce no. of mosquito
- Avoid being bitten
Control measures:
- Stocking ponds; irrigation; drainage ditches with fish that feed on mosquitoes
- Spraying a preparation containing bacteria (Bacillus Thuringienis) that kills mosquito larvae but not other forms of life
Problems:
- Plasmodium resistant to drugs
- Mosquitoes resistant to insecticides
- Expensive
- Migration of people
What is AIDS?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Pathogen for AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Type of pathogen for AIDS
Virus
Methods of transmission for AIDS
- Semen
- Vaginal fluids
- Sexual intercourse
- Infected blood or blood products
- Contaminated syringes
- Mother to foetus through placenta
- Mother to infant through breast milk
Site of pathogen action in AIDS
- T-helper lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- Brain cells
Prevention for AIDS
- Contact tracing
2. Condoms (birth control)
Pathogen for Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ M. Bovis
Type of pathogen for Tuberculosis
Bacteria
Methods of transmission for Tuberculosis
Airborne droplets (M. tuberculosis)
or
Uncooked / Unpasteurised milk (M. Bovis)
Site of pathogen action for Tuberculosis
Lungs (primary infection)
Lymph nodes, bones, gut (secondary infection)
Prevention
- Contact tracing
2. Vaccine
Type of pathogen for Measles
Morbillivirus
Type of pathogen for measles
Virus
Methods of transmission for measles
Airborne droplets; inhaled by healthy people
Site of pathogen action for measles
Upper respiratory tract
Prevention for measles
Vaccination
Antibiotics
Drug that kills/stops the growth of bacteria without harming cells of infected organism
How does antibiotics work?
Interfere with growth or metabolism of target bacterium such as:
- Synthesis of bacterial cell walls
- Activity of proteins in the cell surface membrane
- Enzyme action
- DNA Synthesis
- Protein synthesis
How does penicillin work?
- Prevents synthesis of cross-links between peptidoglycan polymers in cell walls of bacteria by inhibiting enzymes that build the cross-links
- Only active against bacteria that are growing
Antibiotic resistance
- Vertical transmission
2. Horizontal transmission
Vertical transmission
- Bacterial chromosome and plasmid replicate in resistant parent cell
- Cell division occurs
- Daughter cells each receive a copy of the plasmid and are resistant
Horizontal transmission
- Single DNA strand of plasmid from resistant cell transferred to non-resistant cell by conjugation
- Conjugation: tube forms between two bacteria to allow DNA movement