T10 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen of Cholera

A

Vibrio Cholerae

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2
Q

Type of pathogen in Cholera

A

Bacterium

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3
Q

Methods of transmission in cholera

A

Food-borne / Water-borne

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4
Q

Site of pathogen action in cholera

A

Walls of small intestine

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5
Q

Prevention for cholera

A
  1. Provide drainage and clean water supply
  2. Fully cooked meals
  3. Washing with clean water
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6
Q

Pathogen of Malaria

A

Plasmodium Falciparum / P. Vivax / P. Ovale / P. Malaria

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7
Q

Type of pathogen in Malaria

A

Protoctist

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8
Q

Methods of transmission in Malaria

A

Insect vector Anopheles female mosquito;
female because blood contains proteins to fertilise eggs;
also blood transfusion with unsterile needles

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9
Q

Site of pathogen action in Malaria

A

Liver, RBC, Brain

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10
Q

Prevention for Malaria

A
  1. Vaccine
  2. Reduce no. of mosquito
  3. Avoid being bitten

Control measures:

  1. Stocking ponds; irrigation; drainage ditches with fish that feed on mosquitoes
  2. Spraying a preparation containing bacteria (Bacillus Thuringienis) that kills mosquito larvae but not other forms of life

Problems:

  1. Plasmodium resistant to drugs
  2. Mosquitoes resistant to insecticides
  3. Expensive
  4. Migration of people
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11
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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12
Q

Pathogen for AIDS

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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13
Q

Type of pathogen for AIDS

A

Virus

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14
Q

Methods of transmission for AIDS

A
  1. Semen
  2. Vaginal fluids
  3. Sexual intercourse
  4. Infected blood or blood products
  5. Contaminated syringes
  6. Mother to foetus through placenta
  7. Mother to infant through breast milk
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15
Q

Site of pathogen action in AIDS

A
  1. T-helper lymphocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Brain cells
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16
Q

Prevention for AIDS

A
  1. Contact tracing

2. Condoms (birth control)

17
Q

Pathogen for Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ M. Bovis

18
Q

Type of pathogen for Tuberculosis

A

Bacteria

19
Q

Methods of transmission for Tuberculosis

A

Airborne droplets (M. tuberculosis)
or
Uncooked / Unpasteurised milk (M. Bovis)

20
Q

Site of pathogen action for Tuberculosis

A

Lungs (primary infection)

Lymph nodes, bones, gut (secondary infection)

21
Q

Prevention

A
  1. Contact tracing

2. Vaccine

22
Q

Type of pathogen for Measles

A

Morbillivirus

23
Q

Type of pathogen for measles

A

Virus

24
Q

Methods of transmission for measles

A

Airborne droplets; inhaled by healthy people

25
Q

Site of pathogen action for measles

A

Upper respiratory tract

26
Q

Prevention for measles

A

Vaccination

27
Q

Antibiotics

A

Drug that kills/stops the growth of bacteria without harming cells of infected organism

28
Q

How does antibiotics work?

A

Interfere with growth or metabolism of target bacterium such as:

  1. Synthesis of bacterial cell walls
  2. Activity of proteins in the cell surface membrane
  3. Enzyme action
  4. DNA Synthesis
  5. Protein synthesis
29
Q

How does penicillin work?

A
  1. Prevents synthesis of cross-links between peptidoglycan polymers in cell walls of bacteria by inhibiting enzymes that build the cross-links
  2. Only active against bacteria that are growing
30
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Vertical transmission

2. Horizontal transmission

31
Q

Vertical transmission

A
  1. Bacterial chromosome and plasmid replicate in resistant parent cell
  2. Cell division occurs
  3. Daughter cells each receive a copy of the plasmid and are resistant
32
Q

Horizontal transmission

A
  1. Single DNA strand of plasmid from resistant cell transferred to non-resistant cell by conjugation
  2. Conjugation: tube forms between two bacteria to allow DNA movement