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Physics > T4 - Atomic structure > Flashcards

T4 - Atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

Radius of atom?

A

1 × 10^-10m

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2
Q

Radius of nucleus?

A

1 x 10^-14m

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3
Q

Which electrons shell have higher energy?

A

electron shell further from nucleus

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4
Q

What happens to electron when atom absorbs electromagnetic radiation?

A

moves to high electron shell

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5
Q

What happens to electron when atom emits electromagnetic radiation?

A

moves to lower electron shell

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6
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

when the nucleus gives out radiation to become more stable

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8
Q

Feature of radioactive decay?

A

its a random process

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9
Q

What is activity?

A

rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decay

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10
Q

What is activity measured in?

A

becquerel(Bq)

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11
Q

What is the count rate?

A

the number of decays recorded each second by a detector

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12
Q

Types of radiation? x4

A

-alpha particle
-beta particle
-gamma ray
-neutrom

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13
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

two neutrons and two protons

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14
Q

which nucleus is the alpha particle same as?

A

helium nucleus

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15
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton

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16
Q

What is a gamma ray?

A

electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus

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17
Q

How far can alpha paricles travel?

A

5cm

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18
Q

How far can beta paricles travel?

A

15cm

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19
Q

How far can gamma rays travel?

A

several metres

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20
Q

What are alpha particles stopped by?

A

a sheet of paper

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21
Q

What are beta particles stopped by?

A

few millimetres of aluminium

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22
Q

What are gamma rays stopped by?

A

several centimetres of lead

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23
Q

Ionising power of alpha particles?

A

very strongly ionising

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24
Q

Ionising power of beta particles?

A

quite strongly ionising

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25
Q

Ionising power of gamma rays?

A

weakly ionising

26
Q

What is ionising power?

A

when atoms loose electrons and form ions when collided with radiation

27
Q

What happens to atomic number during alpha decay?

A

decreases by 2

28
Q

What happens to the mass number during alpha decay?

A

decreases by 4

29
Q

What happens to atomic number during beta decay?

A

increases by 1

30
Q

What happens to mass number during beta decay?

A

stays the same

31
Q

What happens to the mass and atomic number during gamma decay?

A

stays the same

32
Q

What is half life?

A

time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope or count rate in a sample to halve

33
Q

What is irradiation?

A

exposing an object to nuclear radiation

34
Q

What happens to the object getting irradiated?

A

it doesn’t become radioactive

35
Q

Why doesn’t an object getting irradiated become radioactive?

A

doesnt come in contact with radioactive isotope

36
Q

Why is ionising radiation dangerous?

A

increase risk of cancer

37
Q

What are the precautions that can be taken to when working with radioactive isotopes? x2

A
  • shielding
    -monotoring
38
Q

How to take precaution of alpha radiation by shielding?

39
Q

How to take precaution of beta and gamma radiation by shielding?

A

lead apron

40
Q

What is radioactive contamination?

A

when unwanted radioactive isotopes end up on other materials

41
Q

Why are affect of radiation on humans published and shared with other scientists?

A

so it can be peer reviewed

42
Q

where does natural background radiation come from? x2

A

-rocks
-cosmic rays

43
Q

where does man made background radiation come from? x2

A

-nuclear weapon testing
-nuclear accidents

44
Q

What can affect your exposure to background radiation? x2

A

-occupation
-location

45
Q

Uses of nuclear radiation in medicine? x2

A

-exploring internal organs
-control or destroy unwanted tissue

46
Q

How can nuclear radiation help explore internal organs- thyroid gland?

A

radioactive iodine drank to see condition of thyroid gland

47
Q

How can nuclear radiation help explore internal organs-tumours?

48
Q

Issues of tracers? x4

A

-radiation must pass out of body
-not strongly ionising
-not decay into radioactive isotope
-must have short half life

49
Q

How can nuclear radiation destroy unwanted tissue? x2

A

-radiotherapy
-radioactive rods

50
Q

Issues of radiotherapy?

A

healthy tissue can be destroyed

51
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

splitting of large and unstable nucleus

52
Q

What must happen to unstable nucleus for fission to occur?

A

absorb neutron

53
Q

process of nuclear fission? x3

A
  1. unstable nucleus absorb neutron
  2. nucleus splits to 2
  3. emits 2 or 3 neutrons and gamma rays
54
Q

What is released by fission?

55
Q

what do all fission products have?

A

kinetic energy

56
Q

What is a chain reaction?

A

repetition of nuclear fission

57
Q

What is a chain reaction is controlled in?

A

nuclear reactor

58
Q

Why is chain reaction controlled in a nuclear reactor?

A

to control energy released

59
Q

what is a nuclear weapon explosion caused by?

A

uncontrolled chain reaction

60
Q

What is nuclear fussion?

A

joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

61
Q

What happens to some of the mass of nuclei during nuclear fusion?

A

converted into energy of radiation

Physics (6 decks)

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