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Science > T3 - Geology > Flashcards

T3 - Geology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers in the Earth

A

Crust
Mantle
Inner core
Outer Core

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2
Q

What is the composition of the Crust

A

Oceanic Crust:
- Silicon
- Oxygen
- Iron
- Magnesium

Continental Crust:
- Silicon
- Oxygen
- Aluminium
- Iron
- Calcium, Sodium and Potassium

The crust varies from 5k beneath the ocean to 70km under mountain ranges

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3
Q

What is the composition of the Mantle

A

Partially molten rock
Temperatures between 500 and 2000 degrees
About 2900 km thick

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4
Q

What is the composition of the inner core?

A

Solid
Mostly Fe and some Ni
(iron and Nickel)

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5
Q

What is the composition of the outer core?

A

Mostly Iron solid because of extreme pressure

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6
Q

Describe the Shrinking Earth Theory and ideas around the formation of geographical sites:

A

An old theory from the 20th century that proposed that the Earth has been gradually cooling and contracting causing the the diameter of the earth to shrink. This contraction was believed to create the folds and faults in the earth.

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7
Q

Describe the continental drift theory and ideas around the formation of geographical sites:

A

The continental drift theory proposed that the continents around the world moved over a denser material which we now know is the mantle and the convection currents.

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8
Q

Recognise the major plates on a map of the world:

A

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fwp-content%2Finteractive%2Fdynamicearth%2Fimages%2Fnew_map.jpg&tbnid=EVvsg4UVtJ7NUM&vet=12ahUKEwimi97MiYGBAxVtzaACHT7RBXIQMygAegQIARBk..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fwp-content%2Finteractive%2Fdynamicearth%2Ftectonicsmap%2Findex.html&docid=oWq-KjqXlniyrM&w=695&h=405&q=plates%20map&safe=active&ved=2ahUKEwimi97MiYGBAxVtzaACHT7RBXIQMygAegQIARBk

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9
Q

Explain the movement of tectonic plates in terms of heat and convection currents in the Earths mantle

A
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10
Q

Describe and compare the the process of subduction and the formation of mid ocean ridges

A

Mid ocean ridges are formed when there are divergent boundaries. This makes the magma come out of the crack. The magma pushes existing rock to the sides as it cools and comes out. This process is repeated
Subduction occurs at Oceanic to Continental boundaries. The oceanic crust goes beneath the continental crust and volcanoes are formed on the surface because of the crust melting. This process recycles the crust through a cycle.

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11
Q

Link the theory of seafloor spreading with the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of new oceanic crust

A
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12
Q

Describe the features of the three types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent Boundaries:
- Plates moving away from each other

Convergent Boundaries:
- Plates move towards each other

Transform Boundaries:
- Plates move sideways to each other

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13
Q

Give examples of each plate boundary

A

Divergent: Mid Atlantic Ridge

Convergent: Eurasian and Indian Plate

Transform: San Adreas Fault

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14
Q

Explain the meaning of the term hotspot and the significance of lines of hot spots giving examples

A

A hotspot is a volcanic region on land that is fed by the mantle below that is anonymously hotter than surrounding mantle

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15
Q

Describe and model the process of folding and faulting

A

The plates forces moving towards or away from each other are what create faults and folds
There are 3 possible forces that cause faults and folds:
1. Compressive
2. Tensional
3. Shearing
There are 2 types of folds:
Syncline and Anticline

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16
Q

Relate folding to the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of mountain ranges

A

As plates experience compressional forces and move together, they are squashed together and forced upwards forming mountains.

17
Q

Explain the formation of faults in terms of the forces acting within the Earth’s crust and the movement of plates relative to each other

A

Faults are formed when there is a movement along a crack
Sideways movement along a fault is called a strike slip fault

18
Q

Relate the occurrence of major earthquakes and volcanoes to the movement along plate boundaries

A

Major Earthquakes and volcanoes occur from plate movements because earthquakes occur when tension is released in the earth. The only way this can occur is through plate movement at boundaries.

19
Q

Compare the energy released by different earthquakes with different values on the Richter Scale

A
20
Q

Identify the main features of volcanoes

A

Ash Cloud: A cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosions
Vent: The opening in a volcano where lava comes out
Lava: Molten rock which has erupted
Crater: Mouth of volcano that surrounds vent
Sill: A flat piece of rock which forms by hardening of magma in a crack in the volcano
Summit: Highest Point
Ash: Small parts of lava or rock which are shot in the air.
Throat: Conduits part that ejects lava and volcanic ash
Conduit: The passage in the middle of the volcano where magma travels up

21
Q

Describe the difference between lava and magma

A

Magma is molten rock that is beneath the earths surface and lava is magma that has erupted

22
Q

Describe and compare the characteristics of active, dormant and extinct volcanoes

A

Active: Still erupting
Dormant: hasn’t erupted in 20+ years
Extinct: Hasn’t erupted in thousands in years

23
Q

Relate the age and stability of the Australian continent and its lack of volcanic and major earthquake activity to its location

A

Australia has little earthquakes and volcanoes because of how war it is from any plate boundaries. Since earthquakes and volcanoes occur from moving plates.

24
Q

List the different types of seismic waves and the direction of their movement

A

P-Waves: compressional waves, back and forth motion
S-Wave: transverse waves, travel perpendicular

25
Q

Explain the difference between a seismogram and seismograph

A

Seismograph: an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.

Seismogram: a record produced by a seismograph.

26
Q

Amplitude definition?

A

The distance from the resting line and the highest s-wave

27
Q

How do we know that the magnetic poles of the Earth flippped

A

We know this because of paleomagnetism. Paleomagnetism is where magnetic particles align with the magnetic field. This means that magnetic records are stored in rock as they cool and solidify from mid ocean ridges. This is also explains the plates tectonic theory

28
Q

What are the different types of volcanoes?

A

Fissure Volcano
Shield Volcano
Dome Volcano
Ash Cinder Volcano
Composite Volcano
Caldera Volcano

29
Q

Fissure Volcanoes?

A

Erupt at linear cracks

30
Q

Shield volcano

A

Built by its highly fluid lava over constant eruptions. Its low viscosity allows the lava to spread thinly over the whole volcano

31
Q
A

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