T1 Flashcards
What is Cellular respiration and why is it important
Cellular respiration is the reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP.
Cellular respiration is important because the body can only use ATP energy.
What is a cell mebrane and what does it do
The cell membrane is a structure that encloses the contents of the cells and allows the movement of certain materials and substances into and out of the cell.
What is Osmosis and how is it relevant to both individual cells and body systems
Osmosis is the process in which molecules of a solvent pass through a semipermeable membrane.
What is Diffusion and how is it relevant to both individual cells and body systems
Diffusion is the the process of osmosis, but from and area of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Identify the parts of the respiratory system
- Trachea: Narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves.
- Bronchi: The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller parts of the respiratory system.
- Bronchioles: Small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the 2 larger bronchi to the alveoli.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs on the lungs at the ends of the bronchioles . Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels in exchange for carbon dioxide through the process of diffusion.
Identify the parts of the Circulatory system
- Heart Chambers: There are four chambers - the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers), and the left ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).
- Heart Valves: The valves prevent the backward flow of blood.
- Arteries: Hollow tubes (vessels) with thick walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other parts of the body.
- Veins: blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have valves and thinner walls than arteries.
- Capillaries: Minute Tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell receives blood from capillaries.
Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and away from cells
You need to practice better
What is the composition and function of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic substances such as sugars and starch, that are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They contain useful chemical energy.
What is the composition and function of Lipids
Lipids are a type of nutrients that includes fats and oils.
Describe the function of essential non-nutrients
Eg: Water, Fibre
What is mechanical digestion
Digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with teeth.
What is Chemical Digestion
The chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Identify the Parts of the digestive system and what they do
- Oesophagus: part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth and pharynx to the stomach
- Small Intestine: The part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine where most of the food is chemically digested
- Liver: The liver secretes Bile, builds proteins from amino acids and breaks down many substances that are harmful to the body.
- Gall Bladder: A small organ that stores and concretes bile within the body
- Pancreas: A large gland in the body that produces the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes.
- Large Intestine: It is where all liquids are absorbed from digested food.
What are the 3 main digestive enzymes
- Amylases: Digest Carbohydrates
Found in the mouth and small intestine - Proteases: Digest Proteins
Found in the stomach and small intestine - Lipases: digest lipids
Found in small intestine
What is Bile and what does it do
Bile digests fats and oils
What are waste products and their composition
Describe key organs and their functions ins the excretory system
- skin:
- lungs:
- liver:
-kidneys
How is water and carbon dioxide levels important to the process of excretion
Describe the stimulus response model
Stimulus
receptor
Control Centre
Effector
Response
What are the different types of receptors
- Thermoreceptors: special cells located in your skin, part of your brain and body core that are sensitive to temperature
- Mechanoreceptors: Special cells within the skin, inner ear and skeletal muscles that are sensitive to touch, pressure and motion. They enable you to balance, hear and sense pressure and movement
- Chemoreceptors: Special cells within a sense organ (especially the nose and tastebuds) that are sensitive to particular chemicals, giving you the sensation of smell and taste.
- Photoreceptors: A receptor cell located in your eye that is stimulated by light., converting it to electrical energy that is sent to your brain.
- Pain receptors: Special cells located throughout the body (except the brain) that send nerve signals to the brain and spinal cord in the presence of damaged or potentially damaged cells, resulting in the sensation of pain.
Describe the process of seeing
- Light enters they through the pupil.
- Light is then detected by photoreceptors called rods and cones
- Rods detect light levels
- Cones detect colour
- The image generated is sent to the brain through the optic nerve and interpreted there
Describe the process of hearing
-Air vibrates in the ear causing the ear drum to vibrate
- The ossicles in your middle ear recieve this info and pass it onto the middle ear
- Hairs attached to the nerve cells in the cochlea
- A message is sent to your brain via the auditory nerve
- The brain then interprets this as sound
Identify the parts of a neuron
- Dendrites: Structure that recieves synaptic imputs coming from other neurons and relays the information to the cell body of the neuron
- Axon: An appendage of the neuron that nervous impulses travel along to the axon terminals.
- Axon Terminals: Creates neurotransmitters so that information can be passed on through a synapse to the next neuron
What are the different types of neurons
- sensory neurons: A nerve cell in the sense organ that detects changes in the environment and sends a message back to the CNS
- Motor neurons: The nerve cell that causes and organ such as a muscle or gland to respond to a stimulus
- Interneurons: A nerve cell that carries nervous impulses thorough the CNS. They provide the link between sensory and motor neurons
Describe the function of neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse
What are reflex arcs and why are they important
A nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travels from the receptors to the CNS and then to the effector organ
Identify the main structures of the eye
Cornea: The layer that covers the front of the eye
Iris: is the coloured part of the eye. The iris will change its size to change the amount of light that passes through the pupil
Lens: Sits behind the pupil and focusses light on the retina
Identify the main structures of the ear
Inner ear: Choclea
Middle ear: Made up of ossicles
Outer Ear: what we see on the side of our head, the ear canal and eardrum
What are the 4 chambers of the heart
There are 2 Atria’s which are the top chambers
There are 2 ventricles
Which side recieves blood from the body
The right side of the heart recieves blood returning from the body meaning its deoxygenated
The left side recivs blood from the lungs meaning its oxygenated
What is the blood flow through your heart?
- Blood enters through the right side through the Vena Cava to the right atrium
- it passes through a valve and then into the right ventricle
- It then passes through another valve and then into the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
- it passes through a valve to then reach the left ventricle and a final valve it reach the aorta and around the body
