T3 Ch9a Flashcards
Motivation
need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
physiological need leads to physical arousal
homeostasis:
maintaining a balanced/constant internal state
incentives:
environmental stimuli that lure/repel us
Arousal Theory:
motivated behaviors can increase arousal
We make sure we meet biological needs, then look for something stimulating—just not too much as that causes stress; must find the optimum level…
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow):
idea is that some needs take priority over others—must meet bottom ones before moving up to the higher ones
Hierarchy of Needs (List):
Hunger/thirst, safety, give & receive love, self-esteem, self-actualization (people realize their own potential), new one self transcendence (find meaningng/purpose/
identity beyond self)
Emotion:
It is the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings. Three aspects: physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
Early Theory of emotion
we do things because of emotion: Seeing a growling dog in one’s path causes the feeling of fear
James-Lange theory of emotion
a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion
EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION IS OUR AWARENESS OF OUR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EMOTION-AROUSING STIMULI
Two-factor theory:
to experience emotion one must 1. be physical aroused and 2. cognitively label the arousal
Physiology of Emotion
Physically when a person experiences an emotion, this is an arousal created by the autonomic nervous system, more specifically the sympathetic nervous system
Easy/well learned =
relatively high arousal for peak performance
More difficult/unrehearsed =
somewhat lower level of arousal for peak performance
Negative emotions (brain):
right frontal cortex more active
Positive emotions (brain)
left frontal areas more active
amygdala
It is associated with fear in both humans and animals and is involved in the facial expressions of human emotions.
Involved in nonconscious emotional processing…gut reactions…
Spillover effects
Arousal from something before spills over and intensifies arousal in next thing
How many distinct emotions are there?
Plutchik (1980) proposed that there are eight basic emotions: fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.
GENDER (emotions):
women are better “emotion detectors”
primary and secondary emotions
Primary emotions are those shared by the people throughout the world, regardless of culture
Facial Feedback Effect –
posits that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning emotion being expressed, which in turn not only intensifies the emotion but also actually causes the emotion.
Catharsis:
emotional release (anger?)
feel-good, do-good phenomenon –
we’re more helpful to others if we’re in a good mood
Adaptation-level phenomenon:
So…when you win the lottery/simply start making more $, things seem better at first, but then you’re used to it & its just the new neutral – end up needing more to be happy…
Relative deprivation:
perception that we are worse off relative to those w/whom we compare ourselves
Hunger Pycology
Stomach: contractions -> hunger…. No stomach: still eat
Brain area is hypothalamus
carbs w/stress
increase serotonin…calming effects
Everyone craves carbs & salts
Neophobia –
unwilling to try new things – keeps us safe?
ANOREXIA NERVOSA –
person diets, becomes significantly underweight, still feels fat, continues to starve
BULIMIA NERVOSA –
episodes of overeating, then vomiting, laxative use, fasting, excessive exercise
BINGE-EATING DISORDER –
binge (and feel bad about it) but don’t purge/exercise/fast following
Gender differences
Women have more eating disorders, women do worse on math test when wearing a sweater
STRESS:
process of appraising & responding to a threatening/challenging event
CATASTOPHES (Stressor):
unpredictable, large scale events—everyone finds these threatening (some stressors aren’t threatening, but motivating)
SIGNIFICANT LIFE CHANGES (stressor):
starting college, marriage, job change, divorce, moving, death…
DAILY HASSLES (stressor):
traffic, roommates, lines, etc…
E.g., road rage in my husband v. me—different levels of daily hassles = stressor
Response to stress
ALARM: RESISTANCE: EXHAUSTION:
ALARM:
Sympathetic NS activated—HR up, blood to skeletal muscles, etc.—ready to fight…
RESISTANCE:
temp, BP, & respiration stay high, stress hormones flow from adrenal glands…fully engaged, ready to fight stressor
EXHAUSTION:
if stressor not gone, doby’s reserves run out—become vulnerable to illness/death
4 important types of cells to keep you healthy
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, MACROPHAGES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells)
LYMPHOCYTES (white blood cells): B lymphocytes
release antibodies that fight bacterial infections –
MACROPHAGES:
“big eater” – identifies, pursues, & ingests harmful invaders & worn-out cells (like trash pick-up)
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells):
go after diseased cells (infected by viruses…cancer…)
T lymphocytes
attack cancer cells, viruses, & foreign substances
Malfunctions in immune systems
OVERREACTING, UNDERREACTING:
OVERREACTING:
body’s own tissues are attacked (auto-immune disorders – lupus, arthritis…or allergic reactions)
UNDERREACTING:
herpes outbreaks, progressing cancer
Stress REDUCES immune system functioning!
Humans: wounds heal more slowly (punctures 40% slower to heal in dental students 3 days before major exam vs. during summer break)—
AIDS:
Studies show that, given stress & negative emotions, HIV turns to AIDS more quickly AND that there are faster declines in those w/AIDS
Also HEART DISEASE:
CANCER:
stress doesn’t create cancer cells BUT it does take away resources that could be devoted to fighting those cells – tumors more likely to develop in stressed rodents vs. nonstressed rodents (given carcinogens or tumor implants)—tumors grew faster, sooner & bigger
Combating stress
Personal Control, Positive outlook, Social support
Combating stress (2)
FINDING MEANING/Purpose in things, meditation, Spirituality
