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Phycology > T3 Ch9a > Flashcards

T3 Ch9a Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

need or desire that energizes & directs behavior

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2
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

physiological need leads to physical arousal

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3
Q

homeostasis:

A

maintaining a balanced/constant internal state

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4
Q

incentives:

A

environmental stimuli that lure/repel us

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5
Q

Arousal Theory:

A

motivated behaviors can increase arousal
We make sure we meet biological needs, then look for something stimulating—just not too much as that causes stress; must find the optimum level…

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6
Q

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow):

A

idea is that some needs take priority over others—must meet bottom ones before moving up to the higher ones

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Needs (List):

A

Hunger/thirst, safety, give & receive love, self-esteem, self-actualization (people realize their own potential), new one self transcendence (find meaningng/purpose/
identity beyond self)

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8
Q

Emotion:

A 
It is the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings. 
Three aspects: 
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
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9
Q

Early Theory of emotion

A

we do things because of emotion: Seeing a growling dog in one’s path causes the feeling of fear

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10
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion
EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION IS OUR AWARENESS OF OUR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EMOTION-AROUSING STIMULI

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11
Q

Two-factor theory:

A

to experience emotion one must 1. be physical aroused and 2. cognitively label the arousal

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12
Q

Physiology of Emotion

A

Physically when a person experiences an emotion, this is an arousal created by the autonomic nervous system, more specifically the sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

Easy/well learned =

A

relatively high arousal for peak performance

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14
Q

More difficult/unrehearsed =

A

somewhat lower level of arousal for peak performance

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15
Q

Negative emotions (brain):

A

right frontal cortex more active

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16
Q

Positive emotions (brain)

A

left frontal areas more active

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17
Q

amygdala

A

It is associated with fear in both humans and animals and is involved in the facial expressions of human emotions.
Involved in nonconscious emotional processing…gut reactions…

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18
Q

Spillover effects

A

Arousal from something before spills over and intensifies arousal in next thing

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19
Q

How many distinct emotions are there?

A

Plutchik (1980) proposed that there are eight basic emotions: fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.

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20
Q

GENDER (emotions):

A

women are better “emotion detectors”

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21
Q

primary and secondary emotions

A

Primary emotions are those shared by the people throughout the world, regardless of culture

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22
Q

Facial Feedback Effect –

A

posits that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning emotion being expressed, which in turn not only intensifies the emotion but also actually causes the emotion.

23
Q

Catharsis:

A

emotional release (anger?)

24
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon –

A

we’re more helpful to others if we’re in a good mood

25
Q

Adaptation-level phenomenon:

A

So…when you win the lottery/simply start making more $, things seem better at first, but then you’re used to it & its just the new neutral – end up needing more to be happy…

26
Q

Relative deprivation:

A

perception that we are worse off relative to those w/whom we compare ourselves

27
Q

Hunger Pycology

A

Stomach: contractions -> hunger…. No stomach: still eat

Brain area is hypothalamus

28
Q

carbs w/stress

A

increase serotonin…calming effects

Everyone craves carbs & salts

29
Q

Neophobia –

A

unwilling to try new things – keeps us safe?

30
Q

ANOREXIA NERVOSA –

A

person diets, becomes significantly underweight, still feels fat, continues to starve

31
Q

BULIMIA NERVOSA –

A

episodes of overeating, then vomiting, laxative use, fasting, excessive exercise

32
Q

BINGE-EATING DISORDER –

A

binge (and feel bad about it) but don’t purge/exercise/fast following

33
Q

Gender differences

A

Women have more eating disorders, women do worse on math test when wearing a sweater

34
Q

STRESS:

A

process of appraising & responding to a threatening/challenging event

35
Q

CATASTOPHES (Stressor):

A

unpredictable, large scale events—everyone finds these threatening (some stressors aren’t threatening, but motivating)

36
Q

SIGNIFICANT LIFE CHANGES (stressor):

A

starting college, marriage, job change, divorce, moving, death…

37
Q

DAILY HASSLES (stressor):

A

traffic, roommates, lines, etc…

E.g., road rage in my husband v. me—different levels of daily hassles = stressor

38
Q

Response to stress

A

ALARM: RESISTANCE: EXHAUSTION:

39
Q

ALARM:

A

Sympathetic NS activated—HR up, blood to skeletal muscles, etc.—ready to fight…

40
Q

RESISTANCE:

A

temp, BP, & respiration stay high, stress hormones flow from adrenal glands…fully engaged, ready to fight stressor

41
Q

EXHAUSTION:

A

if stressor not gone, doby’s reserves run out—become vulnerable to illness/death

42
Q

4 important types of cells to keep you healthy

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, MACROPHAGES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells)

43
Q

LYMPHOCYTES (white blood cells): B lymphocytes

A

release antibodies that fight bacterial infections –

44
Q

MACROPHAGES:

A

“big eater” – identifies, pursues, & ingests harmful invaders & worn-out cells (like trash pick-up)

45
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells):

A

go after diseased cells (infected by viruses…cancer…)

46
Q

T lymphocytes

A

attack cancer cells, viruses, & foreign substances

47
Q

Malfunctions in immune systems

A

OVERREACTING, UNDERREACTING:

48
Q

OVERREACTING:

A

body’s own tissues are attacked (auto-immune disorders – lupus, arthritis…or allergic reactions)

49
Q

UNDERREACTING:

A

herpes outbreaks, progressing cancer

50
Q

Stress REDUCES immune system functioning!

A

Humans: wounds heal more slowly (punctures 40% slower to heal in dental students 3 days before major exam vs. during summer break)—

51
Q

AIDS:

A

Studies show that, given stress & negative emotions, HIV turns to AIDS more quickly AND that there are faster declines in those w/AIDS
Also HEART DISEASE:

52
Q

CANCER:

A

stress doesn’t create cancer cells BUT it does take away resources that could be devoted to fighting those cells – tumors more likely to develop in stressed rodents vs. nonstressed rodents (given carcinogens or tumor implants)—tumors grew faster, sooner & bigger

53
Q

Combating stress

A

Personal Control, Positive outlook, Social support

54
Q

Combating stress (2)

A

FINDING MEANING/Purpose in things, meditation, Spirituality

Phycology (2 decks)

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